changing economic world (overview and Nigeria) Flashcards

Question

using death rates to measure development:

Answer 1

- refers to the number of deaths per 1000 population - social indicator - death rates are generally low throughout the world due to improvements in healthcare - the highest rates are in Africa and parts of the Middle East - some of the lowest death rates are in NEEs where improved quality of life means people are starting to live longer limitations of this measure: - by comparison, death rates generally decrease is a less reliable measure of development to the birth rate - birth rates can be high in some LICs due to poverty but also high in HICs where many people are dying of old age

Answer 2

- refers to the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000 - social indicator - figures for this vary enormously with the highest values in African countries (Angola, 96 per 1000) and lowest in HICs (Germany, 3 per 1000) - it is recognised as a good measure of development as it reflects the level of healthcare and service provision in a country limitations of this measure: - in the poorest countries, not all the deaths of children are reported, especially in remote areas, meaning the true rates may be even higher

Answer 3

- this is the average number of years a person in a country can be expected to live - social indicator - in HICs life expectancy can be over 80 years - in NEEs, life expectancy is between 65 and 75 - in LICs, life expectancy is typically in the 50s - this is regarded as a good measure of development as it reflects healthcare and service provision limitations of this measure: - data is not always reliable, especially in LICs - it can be slightly misleading in countries with very high rates of infant mortality as people surviving infancy may live longer than expected thereafter

Answer 4

- this can also be expressed as the percentage of people with basic reading and writing skills - social indicator - this varies widely -> most HICs have literacy rates of 99% -> however, in LICs, the figure can be below 50% (Afghanistan, 38%) - this is a good measure as it reflects the provision of education within a country limitations limitations of this measure: - this can be hard to measure in LICs due to lack of monitoring - war zones and squatter settlements are difficult areas to measure literacy rates

Answer 5

- the percentage of people with access to safe mains water - there is much variation with sage water access across the globe - in the EU which includes many HICs, all people should have access to safe water by law - access in many LICs is poor (Angola, 34%) limitations of this measure: - data collection in LICs is not likely to be accurate and so official figures may underestimate the problem - people may technically have access but high costs may force them to use water that is not safe

Answer 6

human development index

Answer 7

- this is a composite measure using data on income, life expectancy and education to calculate an index from 0-1 - it was developed by the UN to show how far people benefit from economic growth - social and economic measure - a countries HDI is expressed as a value between 0-1 (1 being the highest and 0 being the lowest) income: uses a measure or wealth derived from the estimate per capita GNI of a country life expectancy: years expected to live from birth to death -> women tend to live the longest education: based on average number of schooling years limitations of this measure: - it is still a narrow measure and only takes into account 3 indicators. there are lots of other indicators of human development which are important but not considered - it is a general measure based on average calculations so doesn’t take into account the massive disparities (differences) that may exist within a country - although the three measures included are weighted equally in the calculations, the weighting is subject and therefore unreliable - the statistics provided by some countries may be unreliable

Answer 8

as a country gets more developed, birth rates would decrease as more children survive past infancy due to improved healthcare, so people don’t need to have many children to ensure one or two survive

Answer 9

as a country develops, the death rates decrease due to improved healthcare, clean water, access to food, etc.

Answer 10

as a country become more developed the population would increase due to a decrease in death rates and people moving to try find better jobs

Answer 11

as a country become more developed, the life expectancy would increase due to improved healthcare, more access to clean water and more access to food and a balanced diet

Answer 12

birth rate, death rate and natural increase -> proposes what should happen to a population over time and how it should change

Answer 13

high fluctuation of natural increase/decrease, brith rates, death rates total population is low

Answer 14

early expanding death rates decreases rapidly birth rate stays same total population increases rapidly

Answer 15

late expanding birth rate decreases total population increases death rate stays low

Answer 16

low fluctuating total population is high and constant birth rates is low fluctuating death rates are low and constant

Answer 17

total population begins to decline slightly death rates increase slightly birth rates decrease slightly

Answer 18

birth rate increases: - religious values - children required for work in farming and manufacturing - high infant and child mortality rates so high replacement rates - lack of contraceptives and family planning

Answer 19

birth rate falling: - falling infant mortality - laws against child work so fewer needed - improved medical care and diet

Answer 20

birth rate is low: - emancipation and education of women - materialism (wealth chosen over large families) - later child birth - later and fewer marriages - huge range of family planning options

Answer 21

high - diseases (eg. plague) - famines - poor medical knowledge

Answer 22

decreases - improvements in medical care (eg. sterilisation, small pox vaccine) - better sewers - water supply and sanitation - improved food supply - improved education

Answer 23

low: - medical advancements (eg. transplants, heart surgery, etc.) - better food supply - preventative medicine

Answer 24

south sudan

Answer 25

bangladesh

Answer 26

- climate change - education levels - disease - colonisation - access to clean water - conflict - access to healthcare - natural disasters

Answer 27

- many LICs were colonised by powerful trading nations such as the UK, France, Spain and Portugal - much of Africa, Asia and South America were exploited for their raw materials and over 10 million people were exported from Africa to North America to work as slaves - it was during this era that global development became uneven - although most of these countries have become independent during the 20th century, many have been affected by power struggles and coil wars, the legacy of hundreds of years of exploitation - as a result, they face many challenges in term of development

Answer 28

- europe wanted to build global influence - europe want to compete against other rival states and to access raw materials and labour - the discovery of the new sea route meant different countries could now be colonised

Answer 29

- europeans brought a lot of new technology to african countries to help with farming, build better infrastructure, etc. - when the DR Congo gained independence from belgium, they only had 14 university graduates - power struggles took place in newly independent countries, especially if resources like diamonds were at stake - the modern borders of many middle eastern and central african countries affect ethnic groups across the regions, creating conflict - south american, asian and african cultures were affected and became part of the transatlantic slave trade - education was introduced to a lot of countries where they were taught the global languages like english, and institutions like a proper government emerged

Answer 30

- landlocked -> countries are cut off from seaborne trade important to economic growth. Africa has some of the most landlocked countries on earth. eg. Chad - climate related diseases and pests -> diseases (like Malaria) affect the ability of the population to stay healthy enough to work. Locust swarms can decimate crops - extreme weather -> extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and tropical storms can slow development and can incur costly repairs to infrastructure eg. Bangladesh - limited access to clean water -> lack of safe water can stifle development,ent by making people sick and unable to work eg. Angola

Answer 31

- poverty -> lack of money in a country slows development -> it prevents improvements to living standards, education, sanitation and infrastructure -> without these, development in agriculture and industry will be slow and the economy cannot get going - trade -> wealthier regions, such as Asia, Europe and North America, dominate trade because they export secondary (processed) goods which earn more income -> as these countries accumulate wealth they become more powerful -> this means they are able to dictate the terms of trade to their advantage

Answer 32

primary goods -> these goods have low value and earn them little money -> this means they have limited funds to invest in infrastructure and services that would enable them to develop

Answer 33

single exports -> these are subject to fluctuations in market price -> this means that a drop in the market value risks them losing a high proportion of their income that would enable them to develop

Answer 34

health disparities wealth disparities global migration

Answer 35

in LICs, 40% of deaths are in children under 15, compared to 1% in HICs

Answer 36

- 4 in every 10 deaths are among children under 15 years, and only 2 in every 10 deaths among people aged 70 and over - complications of childbirth are one of the main causes of death among children under 5 years old - infectious diseases are a main cause of death: lung infections, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoea-related diseases, malaria and tuberculosis together account for 1/3 of deaths

Answer 37

- 7 in every 10 deaths are amongst people aged 70 years and older - main causes of death are chronic diseases, such as heart and lung diseases, cancer, dementia or diabetes - only 1 in every 100 deaths is among children under 15 - lung infections are the only main infectious cause of death

Answer 38

35% of total wealth is held in North America - by just 5% of the World’s population

Answer 39

- LICs have become dependent on HICs and some NEEs for aid - many LICs have had to borrow money from the World Bank to pay for hospitals and health care and are now heavily in debt - the shortcomings of healthcare in some West African countries was shown by the Ebola outbreak in 2014-2015, which resulted in over 11,000 people dying from the virus

Answer 40

- the shortcomings of healthcare in some West African countries was shown by the Ebola outbreak in 2014-2015, which resulted in over 11,000 people dying from the virus - most deaths were in Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia - Sierra Leone’s hospitals have deteriorated overtime due to the countries low income, indebtedness, and civil war - this reminds us that many of the problems in LICs are connected to each other

Answer 41

people move to improve their quality of life migrants may be economic migrants or refugees

Answer 42

- the UK has a long history of accepting migrants from all over the world - the country is known for its tolerant approach and many parts of the UK benefit from being multicultural

Answer 43

over 1.5 million -> 2/3 of whom were polish

Answer 44

the unemployment rate in Poland is over 10%, and they can earn up to five times as much in the UK money is often sent home to friends and relatives

Answer 45

- most migrants pay tax - they are prepared to work hard, often doing manual jobs such as working on a farm

Answer 46

they put pressure on services such as health and education

Answer 47

a person forced to move from their country of origin, often as a result of civil war or a natural disaster, such as an earthquake

Answer 48

the economic development that attempts to grow economies and satisfy the needs of humans but in a manner that sustains natural resources and the environment for future generations

Answer 49

- intermediate technology - industrial development - debt relief - aid - charities - invest in development in LICs - foreign investment in education, healthcare, infrastructure - micro finance loans - trade

Answer 50

- TNC is a multinational corporation that owns or controls production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country - TNCs invest in LICs and NEEs in sectors (eg. health, education, insurance and agriculture) that they think are going to expand rapidly - the investment helps the sector grow more quickly - after growth the investors are able to collect a ‘return’ on their investments and earn even more money (sometimes 10x more) than they put in - popular method as it develops LICs/NEEs rapidly and HICs earn their money back with more on the side - Royal Dutch Shell employs more than 4500 people in Nigeria - 95% of whom are Nigerian

Answer 51

- it is viable in many places and helps with building of infrastructure + allows people to move away from primary low paid jobs - however, sometimes big corporations earn more than the people doing the physical work - TNCs can mean poor working conditions - economic leakages - profits go back to country of origin

Answer 52

- industrial development enables LICs and NEEs to invest in their primary industries and increase manufacturing - this increases productivity, generating more wealth for the economy - this also improves their gross national income (GNI) - in Mozambique, just 6 years of industrial growth (2002-2008) reduced the proportion of people living in poverty by 15%

Answer 53

- a good way to increase wages and quality of life - leads to the positive multiplyer effect - many struggle to find the funds for investment

Answer 54

- international aid is a gift of money, goods or services to a developing country - unlike a loan, this gift does not have to be repaid - the donor may be a country or group of countries (ie. EU) - UK gov spends 0.7% of its national income on overseas development projects, including those in Sierra Leone and Syria

Answer 55

- helps improve standards of living - sub-saharan africa has seen improvements in education and healthcare - very helpful to help economies recover after war or natural disasters - however, countries become dependent on aid - aid may be wasted especially is gov is corrupt

Answer 56

- speeds up the process of development - simple and practical tools, basic machines and engineering systems - straightforward for local people to use - sustainable and cheap to maintain - machines can quickly harvest crops and manual labour is decreased - solar box cookers in rural parts of India and Kenya produce clear and sustainable energy for domestic cooking

Answer 57

- empowers locals - can provide sustainable energy - if simple, the skills needed to use it can be easily taught - could increase crop yields - however, it can mean less jobs as machinery does some of the work

Answer 58

- when the farmers or factories involved receive a fair percentage of the final retail price in supermarkets, a product is labelled as Fair Trade - fair trade also involves the maintenance of a basic working environment - fair trade sets social, economic and environmental standards for both companies and the farmers/workers who grow the food that eventually ends up in stores in HICs - standards for farmers/workers include: protection of workers rights and the environment - for companies they include: the payment of fair trade minimum price and an additional fair trade premium to invest in business or community projects of the communities choice - fair trade in Columbia has increased household income for banana farmers by an average 34%

Answer 59

- money used to increase crop yields, farming practices, healthcare and education - better access to workers rights and environmental sustainability is considered - however, higher prices may mean shoppers in HICs don’t buy them which limits the number of people who can be involved in the scheme

Answer 60

- between 1960 - 1980 some HICs loaned many LICs huge amounts of money - the debt crisis began when countries couldn’t repay loans or interest - often money had come from IMF or World Bank or large American commercial banks - one way debts have been reduced by conservation swaps .eg. Indonesia agreed to protect Sumatran forests in exchange for writing off $30 million borrowed from the US

Answer 61

- eases pressure and allows LICs to spend more on education and health - helps to lose the development gap - however, not all debt is written off

Answer 62

- poor subsistence farmers in LICs can be offered microfinance loans by the bank - this is a small loan designed to give people a chance to escape the cycle of poverty - they provide a crucial starting point for families to start development at a local scale -> eg. buying fertiliser to increase crop production. overtime profits will increase and the loan will be paid off

Answer 63

- interest is low so people can lift themselves out of poverty - can help farmers produce enough for their own needs - but it is not always easy to create a surplus to sell at marker - if the project fails, they can’t pay it back

Answer 64

the mediterranean sea

Answer 65

11.11 million

Answer 66

- Arabic - French - Berber

Answer 67

northerly coast has a mediterranean climate - hot summers and mild winters 40 degrees celsius temperatures in summer attract sun seekers from UK

Answer 68

tunisia is close sicily and easily accessible by low-cost airlines to mainland europe also, tunisia is an ex colony of france meaning many inhabitants speak french which is appealing to many tourists

Answer 69

tunisia hosts seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the ancient remains of Carthage and the Roman El-Jem amphitheatre films like star wars have filmed on locations here, attracting fans

Answer 70

the tunisian gov worked in conjunction with tourist operators like TUI to develop the country into a tourist destination with hotels, transport infrastructure and recreational activities like water sports

Answer 71

tunisia’s landscape is varied and diverse - beaches, Dorsal mountains and the Sahara desert providing a range of activities for different types of tourists

Answer 72

- during the 70s and 80s, the number of lodging facilities and bed capacity more than doubled and tripled - attempts to increase the productivity of the domestic agriculture sector to provide food supplies for european palates can impact on women’s status and income by increasing financial gains from farming

Answer 73

- tourism creates relatively few managerial and professional posts, and these are often filled from other sectors and/or by specially recruited expatriates - disproportionate growth along the mediterranean littoral at the expense of the central and southern regions of the country, and often to the impairment of agricultural production - “tourism kills tourism” - often the building of roads and the expansion of hotels can significantly alter the physical environment due, in the latter case, to the problems of sewage treatment and refuse control - there is competition for water between the agricultural and tourism sectors

Answer 74

- job creation - jobs in the hospitality industry - creation of training schools for hospitality - a higher education option - led to improvements in literacy rates - Tunisia has seen life expectancy increase - all girls now have to go to school - long term development strategy from the 1960s - hotel rooms have quadrupled, has helped to increase peoples standards of living

Answer 75

- water - tourist areas use 8x the amount of the average tunisian - water scarce country - tourism isn’t always a sustainable development strategy - especially mass tourism - crowds/litter/busy hotels - managerial jobs often go to people from other countries, TUI or other companies keep most of the money - economic growth is focused along the coast but central and south areas have not seen as much investment

Answer 76

struggled after terrorist attacks however, as attack effect fades, tourism increases

Answer 77

- travel and tourism directly supported 225,000 jobs - investment was USD764.6 million -> 9.7% of total GDP - average monthly rainfall of 1.3 inches -> lots of competition for water between agriculture and tourism - direct contribution of travel in 2017 was USD2740.4 million -> 6.9% of total GDP

Answer 78

- easily accessible by low-cost european airlines - diverse landscapes - on the mediterranean sea - borders algeria and libya - 3hr flight from UK - not far from sicily

Answer 79

- US$900 million contributed to the economy from tourism in 2009 - 370,000 jobs directly/indirectly caused by tourism in 2009 - 11 tourism regions - 9 airports - 7 ports - 856 hotels (240,000 beds) - 400 tourist restaurants - 649 travel agency - 8 public tourism training centre - 4 casinos - 45 thlassotherapy centre - 10 golf courses - 6 marina and please boating

Answer 80

pollution of the environment - beaches polluted with untreated sewage

Answer 81

profits made by TNCs end up in the TNC source country and does not stay in the local economy

Answer 82

terrorist attacks aimed at tourists - Museum Bardo in Tunis and beach in Sousse

Answer 83

increased number of tourists attracted to location -> growth in number of jobs in tourism industry -> local people earn more money -> local people spend more money in the local economy -> the gov receives more taxes from businesses and people -> gov spends more money improving infrastructure and amenities -> increased number of tourists attracted to location -> cycle repeats

Answer 84

- leakage of profits back to TNCs (eg. Thomas Cook) -> this limits the multiplayer effect as there is less money invested back into local economy - pollution of the environment (eg. beaches have been polluted by untreated sewage from hotels) -> this devalues the amenity of the beach for tourists which could result in a decline in numbers - terrorism (in 2015 there were terrorist attacks on a beach and museum) -> european governments advised people not to go there

Answer 85

the relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)

Answer 86

a country whose economy is growing rapidly because of the economic developments and reforms they are putting into place

Answer 87

where economic growth is sustainable and the economy is growing across different sectors

Answer 88

the grouping of the different type of jobs into sectors - primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Answer 89

the process by which a nation improves the economic well-being of its people as measured by GDP

Answer 90

a large company that operates in several countries

Answer 91

the start of new industries or forms of employment in new places or the redevelopment of an old industrial location

Answer 92

industry and trade based on the making, processing or preparation of products from raw materials

Answer 93

improved from around 30 years in 1800 to 65.1 in 2021

Answer 94

income increased from roughly $900 to $4970

Answer 95

- western africa - on the Gulf of Guinea/South Atlantic ocean - borders Benin, Niger, Chad, Cameroon - the capital, Abuja, is in the centre - lagos is on the coast

Answer 96

- the nigerian film industry, Nollywood, is one of the largest in the world - by 2050, Nigeria’s economy will be in the top 20 largest economies in the world - 2.7% of the worlds oil is supplied by nigeria - the nigerian diaspora (spread of people) had 1.24 million nigerians living in other countries

Answer 97

- nigeria often takes leadership roles (eg. while formation of african union) - nigeria is the largest economy in west africa - nigeria has the highest agricultural (farming) output in africa - nigeria has the largest population in africa with 218 million people

Answer 98

250 minority groups make up 1/3 of nigeria’s population, each with their own languages and traditions -> they have different ways of life and speak different languages meaning it may be harder to work together, which would slow down development

Answer 99

nigerian football team has won the African cup of nations three times -> it makes nigeria more known, meaning more people may want to visit, meaning tourism increases, meaning more money is spent in the country, meaning it can develop faster

Answer 100

nigeria’s natural environments form a series of bands across the country, reflecting the decreasing rainfall towards the north, towards the sahel -> some land, like the savannah, is unsuitable for building and development so it is limited to southern nigeria

Answer 101

has a youthful population

Answer 102

- more people working in manufacturing and services -> invites availability for investment - active and productive workforce - lots of people able to work -> educated, skilled workforce - less gov expenditure on healthcare (diseases associated with old age) - healthy and able to contribute to society

Answer 103

- pressure on schooling system to provide enough resources - more competitions for jobs - workforce need more training as they are less experienced

Answer 104

manufacturing and service industries

Answer 105

the economy was mainly agricultural but is transforming into an industrial economy

Answer 106

- telecommunications - now over 115 million mobile phone users - retail and wholesale - many once informal businesses are now in the formal economy and included in the GDP calculation - film industry - ‘Nollywood’ is the third largest film industry in the world behind Hollywood and Bollywood

Answer 107

oil and gas accounts for about 14% of the GDP and 95% of export earnings BUT they are heavily dependent on oil

Answer 108

in the south, near lagos

Answer 109

in the North and South-East

Answer 110

- % employed in agriculture (primary sector) has fallen (halved) - increasing use of farm machinery and better pay/conditions in other sectors of the economy - manufacturing/services add more value and are more profitable than agriculture so overall the economy makes more money - % employed in services has increased by 50% - industrialisation (secondary) has grown under a stable gov and growing economy - modernising economy has led to increase in communications, retail and finance - % employed in industry (including oil and manufacturing) has trebled this increased pace of economic development by: - improving standard of living - producing within Nigeria reduces the need and cost to import, therefore it is cheaper - creates formal jobs so the taxes help the countries wealth

Answer 111

cash crops are agricultural crops that are planted for the purpose of selling on the marker or for export to make a profit

Answer 112

the secondary sector consists of processing, manufacturing, and construction companies the secondary sector produces goods from the natural products within the primary sector

Answer 113

the tertiary sector is the part of a countries economy concerned with the provision of services

Answer 114

mexico indonesia nigeria turkey

Answer 115

countries that are fast growing and suitable for investment

Answer 116

of exports exceed imports then the country has a trade surplus and the trade balance is said to be positive

Answer 117

a geographic area when goods may be imported, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured and re-exported under specific customs and not subject to customs duty

Answer 118

- political stability since 2011 has led to more foreign investment and there has been rapid growth in tertiary industries such as banking and retail - the nigerian gov has been keen to attract investment into manufacturing industries as processed goods sell for more money, helping the country to have a positive balance of trade - the Lekki Free Trade Zone is a major urban industrial area which has already attracted manufacturers of hair accessories, steel pipes, furniture and trucks -> it is hoped that over 100,000 jobs will be created - a multiplayer effect has been created with existing industries benefitting from new markets in the Free Trade Zone - the jobs and taxes provided by these industries are helping the country to develop

Answer 119

over 100,000

Answer 120

the control of less developed countries through indirect means such as economics and trade there are similarities to colonialism, however there is not directed rule from colonising countries

Answer 121

- rapid urbanisation has meant demand for cement is high - dangote cement is sub-saharan Africa’s leading cement company with a production capacity of 48.6 million tonnes per year across 10 countries - the largest cement producer in sub-saharan africa

Answer 122

- increased the pace of economic development - increased formal jobs, pay and encouraged investment - increased expansion into other countries in africa increases nigeria’s influence in the region and its GNI

Answer 123

- improves quality of life via a secure, formal job, with regulated working conditions and better pay - this means more money to spend on healthcare, education and housing which all improve people’s quality of life - gov also has more tax to invest in improving both social and economic infrastructure

Answer 124

a new manufacturer, such as Shell, start refining oil in Nigeria -> local firms provide Shell’s refinery with components or products -> local people earn more money from working in shell or the local firms -> local people spend more money in local businesses -> taxes to the gov from businesses and people goes up -> gov spends the money improving the infrastructure and attractions to bring in more manufacturing industries -> a new manufacturer, such as Shell, start refining oil in Nigeria -> cycle repeats

Answer 125

- regular paid work gives people a secure income to improve their own lives. Also the income for the gov from tax increases - many manufactured goods are available for people to buy - manufacturing a car needs many parts so other businesses benefit from making and supplying the parts - attracts foreign companies to establish and invest in nigeria, creating more jobs

Answer 126

- crude oil provides 90% of the country’s export revenues - nigeria is first in africa and eighth in the world when it comes to oil export - oil production brings about a billion investments in the country’s economy as well as the development of related sectors of the economy and infrastructure - it supplies new jobs - 10% of the nigerian population work in the oil and gas sector resulting in improvements in social and living standards in general - oil was discovered in 1956 at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta following half a century of oil exploration in nigeria - oil companies in Nigeria Oil Fields in nigeria are explored by the enterprise NNPC (Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation), as well as oil TNCs -> thus, nigerian companies provide slightly more than 1/5 of the oil amount per day extracted by such companies as Shell, Mobil, Chevron, Agip, Elf, Texaco, and Ashland - primary investors in the economy of nigeria are the US, UK, Germany, and China - since the 1970s, china had been buying oil and gas from nigeria - in 2006, china allocated 1 billion dollars to nigeria for the development of railways, and the chinese company China Railway Construction won a tender for the construction of a significant area controlled by representatives - in the 2000s, Beijing, wishing to confront Western countries in the struggle for nigerian oil, invested more than $4 billion in the development of the oil industry in nigeria -> the money was spent on the exploration of oil fields, to improve the transport infrastructure, medicine, and weapons of the nigerian army - in 2005, PetroChina Corporation signed an agreement with nigerian representatives for the supply of more than 30,000 barrels of oil per day to china

Answer 127

its headquarters in an HIC and production plants in NEE/LICs

Answer 128

manufacture soap using Nigerian grown Palm Oil -> all the palm oil comes from sustainable sources to protect the environment

Answer 129

1500 -> the company works with people from local cultural markets to make sure that standards of employment are high and workers are cared for

Answer 130

improvements in healthcare, education and water supply as part of its social responsibility programme in nigeria

Answer 131

the second best company to work for in nigeria in 2014

Answer 132

- Shell is a massive TNC - Shell extract (primary industry) and refine the oil (secondary industry) and sell the finished products (tertiary industry) - Shell’s work in nigeria produces more than 21% of the country’s total petroleum production

Answer 133

- their activities have polluted the environment in the past -> eg. Shell has had many incidents involving oil spills -> however they try to clean up after environmental damage - TNCs have been accused of human rights abuses in the past -> eg. Shell have been accused of crimes against the Ogoni people in the Niger Delta - employees in LICs work for long hours in poor working conditions (in factories known as ‘sweat shops’) - employees in LICs might be paid much less than employees in HICs for doing higher intensity jobs

Answer 134

charities -> eg. Shell has the Shell foundation to help sustainability and biodiversity and help local communities

Answer 135

$12 billion

Answer 136

£20 billion

Answer 137

- aid involves the provision of support for people - can take the form of emergency aid (eg. food, water, shelter) following a natural disaster - long term development aid, aimed to improve people’s quality of life (eg. health clinics, water supply, schools)

Answer 138

- trapped in a cycle of debt - may need debt relief - help managing threat from tourism - managing food supply - managing health .eg. infectious diseases such as malaria supply

Answer 139

money given by a donor country to a recipient country to spend on big projects such as building a river development scheme of a new railway line

Answer 140

aid which lasts a short time in response to an emergency such as a natural disaster, eg. earthquake, volcanic eruption, famine, flood

Answer 141

the help given by the donor country to the recipient country. the help can be in the form of money (grants or loans), equipment, goods, people (eg. teachers and nurses), technology or expertise

Answer 142

aid given by the donor to the recipient country but with conditions attached, eg. tying the recipient country into buying the exports of the donor country

Answer 143

money given by donor countries to organisations such as the World Bank or the United Nations who then distribute it into recipient countries

Answer 144

aid given over many years to help a country develop politically, economically, socially, and environmentally

Answer 145

money given by a donor organisation such as a charity to a local community organisation to spend on small projects such as building a new well or installing solar panels

Answer 146

the country giving the aid to the recipient country

Answer 147

the country recieving the aid from the donor country

Answer 148

- large scale aid - short term/emergency aid - bilateral/conditional/tied aid - multilateral aid - long term/development aid - small scale aid

Answer 149

although the country is developing rapidly many people are still poor -> they have limited access to safe water, health and education services and a reliable electricity supply

Answer 150

- corruption in the gov and individuals means aid is lost or not given to the right people - there have been claims aid money has been used to supply the navy - donors of aid may have political influence over who does and does not benefit. they may use donations to promote themselves

Answer 151

- Nets for Life project provides education on Malaria and give mosquito nets to households to prevent the spread of disease - World Bank funded loans to businesses to help diversify the economy away from being dependent on oil so that new businesses and industries are developed - the UK gov has funded health and HIV programme providing health and education in rural areas. This will help to protect people against infection in the future and help them to work and improve their own lives

Answer 152

FOOD: the UN World Food Programme has supplied emergency food to over 400,000 people in northern Nigeria, who are facing starvation, as the farmers were unable to sow their crops due to the conflict

Answer 153

gives £300 million in aid to Nigeria ever year. including.. - HEALTH: £100 million spent on: training more skilled health personnel to deliver babies in Northern Nigeria. 10 million malaria nets issued to reduce disease. Nigeria had one of the highest death rates from Malaria in the world - WATER AND SANITATION: £7 million spent on 5.5 million more people using safe water and proper toilets, reducing disease

Answer 154

- WEAPONS: supplied arms equipment to the Nigerian army. In return Nigeria has to import cheap Chinese goods but many are unhappy about the import of they low price often shoddily made goods as they have provided unfair competition to Nigerian businesses and also some electrical goods have caused fires - INFRASTRUCTURE: China provided Nigeria with an $11 billion tied loan to improve its railway networks. In return, Nigeria supplied PetroChina with 30000 barrels of oils a day

Answer 155

- the world bank has provided $560 million to build a large scale irrigation and drainage chem in northern-east nigeria in the Upper Benue river basin - the Dadin Kowa Dam has been built across the Gongola River to form a reservoir which will provide irrigation water for farming - this large scale project will improve the lives of the people of the region by increasing food production, providing flood protection and by improving resources for agriculture, fishing and forestry

Answer 156

- Oxfam GB is a member of Oxfam international, a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO), involved in ‘bottom-up’ projects - Oxfam is working in Nigerias to help small scale farmers improve their productivity so that there is more food available for the growing population - they help prevent volatile changes in food prices which hit the poor particularly hard - they help female farmers become community leaders so that they are empowered and their voices are heard - Oxfam is working to improve the resilience of small scale farmers and pastoralists in times of national disasters, emergencies and climate change

Answer 157

- in 2017, two UN agencies are working in north east Nigeria to help the people affected by the conflict between the nigerian government and a terrorist organisation, Boko Haram - the UN can provide emergency help in places where some individual donor countries might not be welcome - the UN World Food Programme has supplied emergency food to over 400,000 people in northern nigeria, who are facing starvation, as th farmers were unable to sow their crops due to the conflict - the rainy season made it hard for the supplies of food and medicine to reach the stricken people who are clustered near Maiduguri, the Borno state capital - the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has been helping the people who fled to cameroon for safety, when the conflict broke out, but who are now returning home, only to find their homes destroyed - the UNHCR has been providing them with shelter and clean water

Answer 158

- improve financial management and reduce corruption - improve law and order and the justice system - rescue conflict through reconciliation - strengthen democracy by empowering women

Answer 159

- improve the health of women and children by making family planning and contraceptives more widely available - reduce maternity deaths from unsafe abortions - improve ante-natal and post-natal care - treat malnutrition - improve diets to prevent stunting in children - fight tropical diseases .eg. malaria - improve education by training teachers and improving private schools

Answer 160

create jobs by helping people set up markets in the Niger Delta and by providing microfinance

Answer 161

- improve the infrastructure by building more power stations - repairing and maintaining roads

Answer 162

help people adapt to climate change

Answer 163

- in 2016, UK aid provided Nigeria with £305 million of aid to help the country achieve its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - nigeria has 1/4 of africa’s extreme poor, with about 100 million people living on less than £1 a day - life expectancy is low (53 years in 2016) as more than 100 women die every day from complications during pregnancy and childbirth and over 2000 children under 5 die every day from preventable diseases - literacy rates are low (60% in 2016) because many children do not attend school

Answer 164

- china has supplied arms, equipment, training and technology to the Nigerian armed forces. in return, Nigeria has permitted the exports of cheap chinese goods but many are unhappy about the import of these low price often shoddily made goods as they have provided unfair competition to nigerian businesses and also some electrical goods have caused fires - china has invested $4 billion in oil and infrastructure development projects in nigeria. in return, nigeria gave chinese oil firms contracts for oil exploration in the Niger delta and the Chad Basin - china provided nigeria with an $11 billion loan to improve its railway networks. in return, nigeria supplied PetroChina with 30,000 barrels of oil a day

Answer 165

- pollution of nearby land and rivers as toxic waste is dumped or leaked - harmful pollutants go into open drains, putting people and ecosystems at risk - breathing and lung problems come from the huge number of fumes

Answer 166

- squatter settlements are common in most cities - services .eg. health, education, water have not kept in pace with growing cities - water disposal is a major issue as collection services are poor so it is dumped on the streets - traffic congestion creates high levels of pollution - 70-80% of forests have been destroyed through logging, agriculture and urban development

Answer 167

- tin mining has led to soil erosion and local water supples were polluted with toxic chemicals - oil spills have damaged freshwater and marine ecosystems leading to the loss of species and unhealthy ecosystems - oil spills can cause fires which release high amounts of CO2 causing acid rain

Answer 168

CAUSE: new factories are emerging .eg. Dangote Cement, which are linked to a growth in manufacturing IMPACT: industries release CO2 as fuel. In combustion, they release particulate matter into the air which can lead to poor air quality

Answer 169

CAUSE: cities in NEEs grow rapidly due to rural urban migration and natural increase. Due to the pull factors of a range of jobs IMPACT: can lead to urban sprawl, growth of squatter settlements, provision of sanitation (facilities to deal with human waste) cannot keep up with demand

Answer 170

CAUSE: minerals, such as coal, limestone, tin, gold, and lithium, are extracted as they are in high demand IMPACT: water supplies are often polluted and ecosystems ruined

Answer 171

CAUSE: need to energy due to growing population and wealth gained from oil exports. there is also a global demand for oil IMPACT: can cause fires, which causes acid rain and releases large amounts of CO2 spills. spills can c also damaged ecosystems leading to loss of species

Answer 172

- in 2021, nigeria was ranked 161st out of 189 countries - north of the country is significantly less developed than the south - many urban areas face challenges, such as lagos - many people are still on low income - some regions still experience limited access to services such as safe water, sanitation and reliable electricity

Answer 173

a set standard which is the same in all countries and which does not change over time. usually people living on less than $2 a day

Answer 174

almost 2/3

Answer 175

- nigerias HDI improved from 0.467 in 1955 to 0.535 in 2021 -> this reflects improvements in wealth, health and education - life expectancy was 45.67 years in 1982, but had risen to 55.44 years by 2022

Answer 176

- the benefits of economic growth are very limited to certain areas of nigeria, including Lagos and the Niger Delta - many people in northern nigeria still live in absolute poverty - some parts of nigeria have over 80% of the population living in absolute poverty (less than $2 a day)

Answer 177

nigerias political and trading relationships, particularly with china, has received $12 billion aid and has helped to deal with issues such as malaria (christian aid - small scale)

Answer 178

nigerias HDI has increased

Answer 179

the decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition from NEEs

Answer 180

- a voluntary association of 53 independent and equal sovereign states, which were mostly territories of the former british empire - it is come to 2.2 billion citizens - member states have no legal obligation to one another - instead, they are united by language, history, culture, and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law

Answer 181

- an international organisation of 28 european countries formed to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members - 17 of these countries also share the same type of money: the euro - a person who is a citizen of the EU can live and work in any of the other 27 member countries without needing a work permit or visa

Answer 182

the process which has created a more connected world, with increases int he movements of goods (trade) and people (migration and tourism) worldwide

Answer 183

the relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)

Answer 184

- economic and cultural differences between Southern England and Northern England - there are clear differences in health conditions, house prices, earnings, and political influence

Answer 185

the economic activities that provide various services - commercial (shops and banks), professional (solicitors and dentists), social (school and hospitals, entertainment )restaurants and cinemas), and personal (hairdressers and fitness trainers)

Answer 186

the buying and selling of goods and services between countries

Answer 187

a plan or course of action decided by a government to manage issues in a country

Answer 188

involves the selling of services and skills

Answer 189

consists of those industries providing information such as computing, ICT and research and development

Answer 190

those that take the raw materials produced by the primary sector and process them into manufactured goods and products

Answer 191

involves extracting raw materials from the natural environment .eg. mining and farming

Answer 192

bangladesh

Answer 193

- increasing cost of production (wages and environmental regulations) - globalisation - competition from low wage/regulation NEE countries - declining investment leading to less competitiveness - changing government policies (nationalisation to privatisation) - cycle of decline - eg. if the shipyards close then the iron plants follow - increased competitiveness of tertiary industries thanks to education and technology

Answer 194

it has occurred due to the loss of industries, like coal mining, steel making, tin making, as competition from abroad has made these industries uncompetitive this has led to long term unemployment in deindustrialised areas. Whole towns lost their sources of income as factories closed which in the longer term means areas like inland Cornwall or Sunderland may experience deprivation and struggle with de-multiplyer effect

Answer 195

economic growth - UK economy grows mainly due to more trade with the rest of the world high value production - UK specialises in high-value manufacturing and services. workers are better maid and UK earns more money migration - migrants come to the UK to fill jobs we have a shortage of skilled workers foreign investment - foreign companies invest in the UK, bringing new ideas, technology and jobs

Answer 196

outsourcing jobs - jobs that used to be done in the UK can now be done elsewhere. this means loss of jobs or lower wages for those still working in the UK less manufacturing - more imports of manufactured goods, means fewer goods are produced in the uk. factories close and jobs are lost cheaper goods and services - many items are cheaper because they are produced in places where people earn lower wages than the uk inequality - the gap between the low paid unskilled work and high paid skilled work is increasing. hard for low skilled workers to negotiate due to jobs being outsourced

Answer 197

- many industries like coal have shut down as firms chose to import this and other resources from abroad where both labour and land were cheaper - NEEs like china opened their countries to global business in the 1980s and many uk firms chose to move there - much cheaper crops can be imported from countries overseas where mass production bring costs down and labour and land are both cheaper than the uk

Answer 198

- the uk gov in the 1970s and 1980s sold or turned many of its secondary and primary industries to companies in a process called privatisation. this cost many jobs in steel making and coal in particular - some primary industires have been affected by laws and treaties - fishing is limited by quotas imposed by the EU - the uk gov pumped nearly £5 billion into high tech research and development in 2015 - the UK and EU have very strict laws for environmental pollution for businesses; this makes it expensive to make products here

Answer 199

- mechanisation (the use of machines) has taken place as businesses and farms began to replace many workers for machines as they are generally more reliable and cheaper to run - many factories in the uK have shut down and production has continued in LICs, which have less educated workforces, limited health and safety or no minimum wage laws. this makes costs cheaper - some resources such as iron ore and coal have declined in availability in the UK or become uneconomic to mine, so employment declined - many of the UKs secondary industries like arms manufacture and coal heavily polluted the environment - the average annual wage for a farmer in the UK is £9000 or less, making this an unlikely occupation for a highly educated skilled workforce

Answer 200

the economy of many economically developed countries where most employment is now in service industries

Answer 201

tertiary industry

Answer 202

information technology - these businesses use computers and other hardware to store, process and use data, often to help businesses and governments service industries - these are businesses that do work for a customer, and sometimes provides goods but is not involved in manufacturing finance - the financial services industry is a major part of the UK and especially London economy. they provide services to do with money, such as accountancy, money transfer, trading and credit research - these industries involve research and development, where ideas are transformed into workable products science and business parks - business parks are purpose built areas of offices and warehouses, often at the edge of a city and on a main road. science parks are often located near university sites, and high-tech industries are established. scientific research and commercial development may be carried out in co-operation with the uni

Answer 203

- information technology - service industries - finance - research - science and business parks 1) they are often footloose - they are not tied to heavy raw materials so can locate wherever they have a cost advantage 2) they often locate close to transport routes, such as motorways and railway stations, to offer maximum access for customers and employees 3) they are dependent upon human resources - they need people’s ideas and skills to make them work and innovate new products and ideas. they therefore require a highly educated workforce force 4) they are often more sustainable than heavy industry, with lower energy needs, low or zero air pollution emissions, landscaping to offer a nice environment and carbon neutral buildings 5) they often group together so that ideas can be exchanged - known as agglomeration

Answer 204

are of the country where the economy is growing, often along a major transport route linking two or more cities

Answer 205

- good transport connections - a highly skilled workforce - quaternary industries with potential for growth - new businesses with the potential to grow larger

Answer 206

- produces 8% of UK’s economic output - Microsoft, Sony, and Vodaphone are based here - connects London to Bristol

Answer 207

Cambridge Science Park

Answer 208

- 80km north of London - close to london and stansted airports - actual park just off A14 from M11, Jn14 - close to M11 growth corridor

Answer 209

- UK’s major hub for hi-tech industry - 1500 bio-technology companies - 7250 employees - international companies seeking access to the brightest graduates and entrepreneurs from Cambridge’s diverse talent pool - open green space - outside of cambridge with plenty of parking - north-east of cambridge, on the rural urban fringe - 80km north of London along the M11 - 40km from Stansted airport

Answer 210

- excellent health facilities for local people including the Adenbrooke Hospital - investment into the local public transport sector - cambridge has a reputation as world leader in medical research - brings investment - indirect jobs created including transport and services on the site of the science park .eg. security, cafe, workers, etc.

Answer 211

- huge focus on biomedical sciences -> £46 million investment in new Biomedical centre next to the science park -> opening up of heart and lung specialist hospital and research centre biomedical: - the park is currently home to 34 biomedical companies working on a wide range of products and technologies spanning disease prediction and prevention to diagnostics, treatment and patient monitoring - 12 companies are involved in the research and development of therapeutics - this includes small molecule drug discovery, biologics, immuno-therapies and genetics across multiple disease area

Answer 212

- house prices are rising due to rising demand in the area - cambridge is increasingly congested with traffic and pedestrians - rail and road links can’t cope with the demand fast enough

Answer 213

Abcam - ‘antibodies cambridge’ -> working on research into cancer, metabolism and providing antibodies -> sells 100,000 antibody products to over 140 countries

Answer 214

- hi-tech companies tend to start in places where they have ample highly skilled workers .eg. cambridge - and place where they can offer employees high quality of life (space for ‘campus style’ offices) - share expertise of workers - share expensive equipment - some of the research will go through different stages so will need input from different companies

Answer 215

- produce raw materials for industry - examples include mining, quarrying, farming, fishing and forestry, all of which produce raw materials that can be processed into a finished product - limestone is an important quarried rock in the UK because it is a versatile raw material with a wide variety of applications

Answer 216

- they are the manufacturing and assembly industries - they take raw materials and manufacture finished products from them - examples include steel manufacture, break making and food processing

Answer 217

- industrial processes often release chemicals into air (sulphur and nitrous oxides) which can cause health issues - factories, mines, and quarries often physical scare the landscape reducing its aesthetic appeal and destroying habitats - transporting raw materials and goods produces air pollution and noise pollution - industrial processes often consume a lot of energy, contributing to global climate change - waste often goes to landfill which releases toxins into the soil - industrial processes often release chemicals into local water systems which can harm ecosystems

Answer 218

Torr Quarry, Somerset

Answer 219

- destruction of habitats and ecosystem -> loss of biodiversity - CO2 emissions from heavy machinery and lorries - air pollution from dust - decline in water quality as chemicals are washed into river

Answer 220

development that meets the needs of the present without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Answer 221

- employs over 100 people - quarry contributes over £15 million towards the local economy each year - has previously produced 8 million tonnes per annum, although output is currently around 5 million tonnes - construction materials - landscape will be restored

Answer 222

- loss of biodiversity - noise pollution - water pollution

Answer 223

60 acres of the site have been landscaped to blend in with the surrounding environment, including planting grass and trees and creation of wildlife lakes for recreation -> sustainable because natural habitats that were lost to extraction will now be restored, to encourage biodiversity of the area and make the landscape more attractive to local people limestone is transported by rail, rather than road, via the Mendip Rail network -> sustainable because rail transportation ensures that excess road traffic and congestion on smaller, rural roads will be kept to a minimum, and become less of a problem to locals. rail transport is more sustainable as it releases less CO2 emissions than lorry transport. it also creates jobs and boosts investment in the local rail infrastructure strict environmental targets have been introduced. regular monitoring of noise, vibration, dust emissions and water quality is carried out -> sustainable because monitoring allows prevention of pollution into the surrounding landscape and ensures that quarrying companies are held accountable if they do not abide by strict environmental standards. it also reduces the chances of pollution affecting the local population. in 2010 a planning decision was made to deepen, rather than widen the quarry, for extraction -> sustainable because extraction can take place without spoiling the landscape further, as they would be digging downwards, rather than outwards. this protects the surrounding greenfield sites and habitats in the vicinity of the existing quarry

Answer 224

any area or village with a population of less than 10,000 people

Answer 225

- less transport routes - less job opportunities and low paid work - isolation - lack of local services

Answer 226

- less pollution - quieter and less busy -> favoured by retired people - farming - nicer scenery - tourism

Answer 227

South Cambridgeshire

Answer 228

- people are moving out of cambridge and london to enjoy a different place of life in the countryside - more migrants are now arriving from eastern europe

Answer 229

negative - commuters continue to use services in the places they work (eg. Cambridge) - 80% car ownership is leading to increased traffic on narrow country roads - lack of affordable housing - highest petrol prices due to high demand - increased number of migrants from poorer parts of europe puts high pressure on services and increases overall costs

Answer 230

The Outer Hebrides

Answer 231

due to outward migration - with limited opportunities, younger people move away in search of better paid employment

Answer 232

negative - number of school children is expected to fall -> will result in school closures - fewer people of working age live there -increasingly aging population with fewer young people means there may be care issues in the future

Answer 233

- population of 150,000 is increasing due to migration - in 2013, registrations for National Insurance numbers form migrant workers in South Cambridgeshire soared by 25% compared to 2012 - the proportion of people aged 65 and over is growing - by 2031 this will reach nearly 29% of the population - the population of South Cambridgeshire is estimated to reach 182,000 by 2031

Answer 234

- has a population of 27,400 - most people live on the island of Lewis, one of the chain on 65 islands - there has been an overall decline of more than 50% since 1901 when 46,000 people

Answer 235

FARMING: - the main farming economy is breeding sheep on small farms called crofts - most crofts can only provide work for up to two days per week FISHING: - in 1948 there were more than 900 fishing boats registered in the Outer Hebrides. By 2013, there were just a few boats catching prawns and lobsters - shellfish production has increased but foreign-owned ships dominate deep-sea fishing - the development of fish farming has been limited due to concerns about the environment TOURISM: - between 2007 and 2014 there was a 27% increase in visitors to the island - the current infrastructure is unable to support the scale of tourism needed to provide an alternate source of income

Answer 236

in 2014 the gov announced a £15 billion road investment scheme: - 100 new road schemes - 1300 new lane miles added to motorways and major roads - extra lanes on motorways - develop smart motorways to keep traffic moving

Answer 237

investment in railways is vital to improve links between UK regions as well as the rest of europe. such investment includes: - electrification of Trans-Pennine Expressway by 2020 - electrification of Midland mainline between London and Sheffield by 2023 - HS2 (High Speed 2) - Connecting London - Sheffield - Leeds - Manchester and then on to Scotland worth £50 billion between 2017 and 2033. A controversial plan due to loss of countryside and nearness to homes crossrail is a very important and exciting project for rail users in and around london and the south east. its also the biggest civil construction project in europe today. the crossrail project is building the elizabeth line to link reading and heathrow in the west with sheffield and abbey wood in the east, via new 21km tunnels under central london. this will increase london’s rail capacity, cut passenger journey times across the city, encourage regeneration and generate significant employment opportunities

Answer 238

about 32 million passengers pass through UK ports annually and employs 120,000 people - the UK port industry is the largest in europe, due to the long coastline and trading history - some ports specialise in passenger ferries, others in cargo transporters - most are all-purpose with a range of goods and services - Dover is the UKs main port for freight (lorries, cars, etc.) - Felixstowe is the largest container port investment includes: LIVERPOOL 2 - a new container terminal £300 million it will double the ports capacity and will create thousands of jobs, boost the North-West economy and reduce road freight

Answer 239

- airports are vital to the economy of the modern UK - airports employ over 300,000 people - over 2 million tonnes of freight pass though the UK’s airports each year - more than 750,000 international flights depart from the UK annually to 400 airports in 114 countries around the world expanding london’s airports: - in 2012, a government body looked at 3 options to increase air travel at heathrow and gatwick, but in 2015 a third runway at heathrow was recommended - this could yet change due to objections - heathrow is one of the worlds major airports, handling over 73 million passengers and employing 76,000 people - soundproofing homes and schools as well as no night-time flights were recommended

Answer 240

the social, economic and cultural disparities between london and the south-east and the rest of the UK -> differences in house prices, job creation rates, life expectancy, income

Answer 241

- during the industrial revolution, the UK’s growth was centred on coalfields in northern england and scotland - heavy industries and engineering thrived in cities such as Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow - since the 1970s many industries have declined due to loss of resources or competition abroad and as a result, unemployment has risen in these areas - london and the south east prospered with a rapidly growing tertiary sector leading to faster growth than the rest of the UK

Answer 242

- gov incentive packages (reduced taxes, site development, etc.) have been used to attract TNCs to locate manufacturing plants, such as Mitsubishi near Edinburgh (1975) and Nissan and Washington, Tyne and Wear (1984) - planned transport improvements, such as HS2, rail electrification and port developments - in 2015, the UK gov launched the ‘Northern Powerhouse’ concept, encouraging industrial and infrastructural developments in northern england - cities, such as Leeds, Sheffield and Manchester. the aim is to spread economic growth more evenly across the UK - enterprise zones - gov incentives (such as discounted rates, provision of superfast broadband and simplified planning regulations) encourage new businesses to set up in deprived areas. 24 enterprise zones have been designated since 2011 - Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs) - these are voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses aimed at encouraging investment and boosting the local economy. for example, the Lancashire LEP is focusing development on the aerospace and technical engineering sector and aims to create 50,000 high-skilled jobs by 2023

Answer 243

- boosting the local economy by investing in skills, innovation, transport and culture, as well as devolving significant powers and budgets to directly elected mayors to ensure decisions in the north are made by the north - gives northern cities power and resources they need to reach their potential - aim is to rival and compete with London

Answer 244

- based around linking the regional ‘core’ cities of Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield, Hull and Newcastle - other regional centres would be integrated, such as Cumbria, Lancashire, Cheshire, North Yorkshire and the Tees Valley - linking these urban areas would help industries perform better and help to even out the UK’s economy to match that of London and the south east

Answer 245

- improve transport links between the places, such as motorway developments and railway improvements such as HS2 - invest in science and innovation as is happening in Newcastle Science Central - devolve the powers of government. here, many of the decisions currently made in London’s parliament would be passed onto those northern cities. this would give northern cities more control on what happens and could help developments be more appropriate to those places. cities would get their own deals and elected mayors

Answer 246

giving more power to local authorities to make spending decisions so that they can invest money directly where it is needed locally

Answer 247

- the election of the Mayor for Greater Manchester, who has been given £1 billion of devolved funds to spend on improving the city and attracting new businesses - this will mean fewer decisions about the city are made in London and more decisions are made by the people of Manchester

Answer 248

can boost within pockets of areas, but is difficult to expand

Answer 249

- at its peak, the British Empire converted about 1/3 of the world’s land area, with colonies in Africa, the Asian Pacific and the Americas - in the 20th century, many former colonial countries gathered independence and the UK became a member of the commonwealth - today, the UK continues to have political, economic and cultural influence within organisations such as G8, NATO, and the UN Security Council. it remains one of the worlds major economies and is a global transport and financial centres - the UK is also highly regarded for its fairness and tolerance, its highly developed legal system, its strong democratic principles and its rich cultural heritage

Answer 250

- UK trades with many countries by sea, air, road and rail - UK’s main trading partners are the EU (particularly Germany, France and the Netherlands), USA, China -> Germany is the main source for imports and the USA is the main source for exports - the internet is increasingly important in the financial and creative sectors - post-Brexit, the UK is predicted to develop stronger links with countries outside the EU; eg. India, China, and the USA

Answer 251

- cultural links include art, fashion, music, television and film - TV is one of the UK’s major creative industries, worth over £1.25 billion a year - fashion, music and films are important exports, especially to the english-speaking world - migrants to the UK have introduced their own cultural characteristics (foods, fashion, films, and festivals)

Answer 252

- the internet is an increasingly important aspect of global communications - by 2014, 40% of the world’s population had access to the internet (90% in the UK) - the UK is an important hub for the global network of submarine cables linking europe with the USA - submarine cables are responsible for transmitting 99% of all internet traffic - the ‘arctic fibre’ project - due for completion in 2026 - involves 15,000 km of cables linking London and Tokyo

Answer 253

- ferries and cruise ships transport people to europe and the rest of the world from ports such as Southampton and Dover - there are links to mainland europe via the channel tunnel, with fast railway services via the Eurostar and HS1 - the UK’s long trading heritage has resulted in the development of major ports and airports, like LHR and LGW

Answer 254

31st January 2020

Answer 255

- goods, services, capital and labour can move freely through countries - European funds, such as the European Structural Fund, support regional development in the UK - hundreds of thousands of people from the poorer countries of Eastern Europe came to the UK in search of higher wages. Many work in factories and in agriculture, willing to work long hours for relatively low wages - the Single Payment Scheme supports farmers, and benefits wildlife and the environment. in 2015, £18 million was used to support dairy farmers in england and wales

Answer 256

- important cultural and sporting links between Commonwealth countries - heads of each country meet every 2 years to discuss issues of concern and work together - many people of British descent now live in Commonwealth countries

changing economic world (overview and Nigeria) Flashcards

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