Changing economic world-UK Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
What is Globalisation
A
- The process which has created a more connected world, with increases in trade and migration and tourism worldwide
2
Q
What is deindustrialisation
A
- The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry
3
Q
What is the North south divide
A
- Economic and cultural difference between the South and North of the UK
4
Q
Changes in employment in Primary sector
A
- From 55% of population in 1750 to just 3% by 2000
5
Q
Changes in employment in secondary sector
A
- From 61% in 1900 to only 24% in 2000
6
Q
Changes in employment in tertiary sector
A
- From 24% in 1900 to 68% in 2000
7
Q
Main reasons for deindustrialisation in UK
A
- Increasing cost of production
- Globalisation- cheaper alternatives from abroad
- Government policies- privatisation
- increasing Tertiary industries due to better education and technology
8
Q
How many coal mines shut down since 1980?
A
30,000
9
Q
Negative impacts of coal mines shutting down
A
- Many small towns relied on coal industry therefore many left unemployed- de-multiplier effect
10
Q
What is the UK’s post-industrial economy now mostly based on?
A
- IT
- Service industries
- Finance
- Research and development
- science and business parks
11
Q
Advantages of UK’s Post-industrial economy
A
- Jobs tend to be higher paid
- Footloose- not tied down to a place and be based wherever is cost effective
- More sustainable- lower energy needs, less carbon emissions
12
Q
Where are the top 10 largest science parks in the UK?
A
- All surrounding London in South East
13
Q
What is a growth corridor
A
- An area of a country where economy is rapidly growing, often along a major transport route
14
Q
Where is the M4 Corridor?
A
- London to Bristol
15
Q
Significance of M4 Corridor
A
- Many large Hi-tech companies based here in larger business parks- Microsoft, Sony, Vodafone
- 8% of UK’s economic output
- Near Heathrow airport
16
Q
Example of science park in UK
A
- Cambridge science park
17
Q
Key characteristics of Cambridge science park
A
- 1500 bio-tech companies
- 7250 employees
- International companies seek graduates from Cambridge university
- open green space- rural urban fringe
18
Q
Benefits of science park to Cambridge
A
- Increased investment in area from international companies
- Jobs created directly and indirectly- positive multiplier effect
19
Q
Disadvantages of science park to Cambridge
A
- Rising house prices due to increased demand
- Increased congestion
20
Q
Environmental impacts of Industry
A
- High energy consumption- contribute to climate change
- Transporting raw materials produces air pollution- CO2/NO2
21
Q
Case study for environmentally sustainable industrial development in UK
A
- Torr Quarry, Somerset
22
Q
Environmental impacts of Quarrying
A
- Destruction of habitats/ecosystems
- CO2 emissions from heavy machinery
- Air pollution from dust (local scale)
- Chemicals washed into river
23
Q
Positives of Torr quarry
A
- Contributes over 15 million to local economy each year
- 100 employed
- uses rail transport- more sustainable
- will be restored to create wildlife and water supply once work has finished
- noise, emissions and water quality all monitored
- decision made too deepen rather than widen the quarry- less impact on landscape
24
Q
potential Negatives of Torr quarry
A
- Noise or air pollution in local area
- Mostly low paid, low skilled jobs
- despite trains being more sustainable, still produce CO2 emissions
25
Possible Challenges of pop decline in rural areas
- People leaving means less people for recruiters to hire
- which means less investment in area
- leading to shops and services declining as less money in area
- therefore quality of life decreases
26
Rural Area experiencing pop decline
- Outer Hebrides
27
Impacts of population decline in outer hebrides
- 50% pop decrease since 1901 means closures of schools and an aging population
- less working and bringing investment into area- de-multiplier effect
- fishing trade decline- 900 fishing boats in 1948 to only a few
28
Rural area experiencing pop growth
- South Cambridge
29
Impacts of pop growth in South Cambridge
- Bringing money and investment through multiplier effect to area
- However growth TOO fast, creating effects such as traffic congestion and lack of affordable housing
30
Examples of ports being developed in North
- Liverpool 2
-deep water port next to mouth of mersey river
- increases transportation of freight to North West of England
- Brings jobs and investment- multiplier effect
31
Examples of Roads being developed to make North more accessable
- A1 motorway
-From London to Newcastle, through leeds
- £380 Million upgrade to widen it and reduce journey times
- Means that businesses can travel to Newcastle easier, bringing investment to area
32
Example of railways being developed to make North more accessable
- HS2 (high speed 2)
-Phase 1 progress been made, connecting London to Birmingham
- Provides rapid and frequent journeys
- Improve business connections between N and S of England
33
Examples of Airports being developed in N of England
- Newcastle Masterplan 2035
-Improving capacity of Newcastle airport to cater for 1.5m more passengers yearly
- Encourages flights to Newcastle (North)
- Can bring investment through tourism, creating multiplier effect
34
What is the 'Northern Powerhouse' concept
- Movement by the UK government to encourage industrial and infrastructural developments in Northern England
35
What are government incentive packages?
- Reduced taxes, site development etc
- attracts TNCs to locate manufacturing plants in certain areas
- Eg Mitsubishi near Edinburgh and Nissan in Tyne and Wear
36
What are Enterprise zones?
- Government incentives which encourage new businesses to set up in deprived areas (eg Discounted rates, provision of super fast broadband and simplified planning regulations)
37
Organisations the UK is in
- G8
- NATO
- UN security council
38
UK main trading partners (imports)
- Germany
- China
- Netherlands
- US
39
How much do Uk spend on imports annually
- Roughly £240 Bn
40
Uk main trading partners (exports)
- US
- Germany
- France
- Netherlands
41
What are the UK's main imports
- Road vehicles
- Refined petroleum products
- Manufactured goods
- Electrical machinery
42
What are UK's Main exports
- Nuclear reactors and parts
- Mineral fuels
- Cars
- Electrical machinery
43
Examples of Cars UK exports
- Nissan Quashqai- all are manufactured in England
44
UK culture
- Old Britain
-small towns/villages
- Literature
- Sports- Premier league, Wimbledon, International cricket, rugby and football teams
- Immigration- brings cultural mix (eg windrush generation from Caribbean)
45
How is Uk linked to wider world through Electric communications
- Arctic fibre- connects Asia, Europe and Canada through Arctic Ocean submarine cables
- Electric communications act, 2000
46
How UK is linked to wider world through Transport
- Heathrow airport- 75m passengers yearly
- Exports Boeing engines
