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geography > UK Physical landscapes- Glacial landscapes > Flashcards

UK Physical landscapes- Glacial landscapes Flashcards

1
Q

Case study for topic
(used for both human and physical)

A
  • Lake District, Cumbria
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2
Q

Most common land use in UK

A
  • Pastures (feeding cows and sheep)
    -28% of land use
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3
Q

Least abundant land use in UK

A
  • Houses and Gardens
    -5%
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4
Q

What does Relief of land mean

A
  • Refers to highest and lowest elevation points in an area
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5
Q

What does Topography mean

A
  • The natural features of land, especially the shape of the surface
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6
Q

What does altitude mean

A
  • Height above sea level
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7
Q

What does land use mean

A
  • Purpose of function of land
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8
Q

What is the Tees-exe line?

A
  • Divides North West uplands from South East Lowlands
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9
Q

Why do glacial landscapes exist in the uk?

A
  • Glacial periods 20,000 years ago meant UK would have been largely covered in ice
    -when large glaciers flow downhill it shapes these ‘glacial’ landscapes
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10
Q

Why do interglacial/glacial periods happen

A
  • Changes in Earth’s orbit
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11
Q

Which areas of the UK were covered in ice?

A
  • North West of England, All of Scotland
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12
Q

Formation of a glacier process

A

1- Snow stays in same area year round, slowly transforming into ice
2- Each year, new layers of snow bury and compress proves layers
3- Compression forces snow to re-crystallise, forming small grains
4- Grains grow larger and air pockets between them get smaller- snow compacts and gets denser
5- After about 2 winters, snow is in a middle state between snow and glacier ice (firn/neve)
6- After about 100 years, a glacier is formed

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13
Q

What is weathering

A
  • The breakdown of rocks in-site( stay in same place) by the action of rainwater, extremes of temp and biological activity
  • NOT the same as erosion
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14
Q

What is freeze-thaw weathering

A
  • When rainwater fills cracks in rock on hills/mountains
  • At night, temp drops and water freezes, causing it to expand by 10%
  • During day, temp rises and ice thaws out into water
  • Process repeats and rocks break apart
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15
Q

What is glacial erosion

A
  • The wearing away and removal of land by flowing water, ice or wind
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16
Q

2 main processes of glacial erosion

A
  • Plucking
  • Abrasion
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17
Q

What is plucking

A
  • When a glacier moves over an area of rock, and due to friction, the bottom of the glacier melts and water seeps into cracks in the rocks.
  • Water refreezes, and rock effectively becomes part of the glacier and is ripped out when glacier moves forward
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18
Q

What is Abrasion

A
  • Where rocks at the bottom of the glacier act like sandpaper, grinding over the bedrock
  • causes smooth, polished rocks OR sharp grooves called striations
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19
Q

What is glacial till

A
  • Debris that is transported along with the glacier
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20
Q

What is subglacial material

A
  • Material from bedrock below that is carried under the ice
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21
Q

What is englacial material

A
  • Material that falls into crevasses in ice and is transported inside the ice
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22
Q

What is supraglacial material

A
  • Material that falls onto the ice from surrounding mountain sides
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23
Q

What is glacial till when it gets deposited

A
  • Moraine
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24
Q

What is sediment carried by meltwater rivers called

A

Outwash

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25
Q

What is bulldozing

A
  • When a glacier moves forwards, moving piles of rock debris in front of it to create a high ridge called moraine
  • The furthest advance of a glacier is marked by Terminal Moraine
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26
Q

Why does glacial deposition take place?

A
  • Glaciers carry ice far from regions of snowfall- as they move to lowland areas, the climate becomes warmer, causing meltwater rivers to carry outwash towards the ocean
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27
Q

What is a land form

A

An individual feature on Earths surface caused by processes, eg. erosion or deposition

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28
Q

What are corries

A
  • Bowl shaped hollows with a steep back wall and ridges, forming an armchair shape around a hollow
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29
Q

What is a tarn

A
  • A lake that can often form inside a corrie
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30
Q

How are carries formed

A
  • Snow accumulates in a high up depression, where is compresses into glacial ice
  • ice begins to slowly slide downhill
  • plucking occurs at backwall, making it steeper
  • freeze thaw weathering causes scree to get incorporated into glacier
  • glacier contines to slide downhill, and abrasion causes the base of the corrie to be worn away, making it
  • less erosion at front of glacier, so lip forms
  • when ice melts, tarn forms
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31
Q

What is an arete

A
  • A narrow, steep ridge between the back walls of two corries
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32
Q

What is a pyramidal peak

A
  • A steep sided peak where three corries form back to back
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33
Q

What are ribbon lakes

A
  • Long and thin lakes that collect from meltwater and rainwater
34
Q

Why do ribbon lakes form

A
  • Glacier moves over area of soft rock, which it can easily erode, causing a rock basin
  • ribbon lake is dammed by a rock bar, from harder rock which the glacier was unable to erode
35
Q

How do glacial troughs/U shaped valleys form

A
  • Glaciers descend down old, V shaped river valleys, turning them into steep sided U shaped valleys
  • This is due to plucking underneath the glacier, and abrasion of these rocks rubbing against the ground, and bulldozing at the front
36
Q

What are truncated spurs

A
  • Interlocking spurs that a glacier has eroded, causing the interlocking land to be cut off and become truncated
37
Q

How do hanging valleys form

A
  • Main glacier erodes deeper and wider than smaller, tributary glaciers
  • Meaning that main valley is deeper and wider, and the tributary glacier’s valley is hanging high above main valley
38
Q

What is moraine

A
  • Accumulations of rock debris
39
Q

What is lateral moraine

A
  • Moraine that runs along edges of a glacial trough close to valley side
40
Q

What is medial moraine

A
  • When two lateral moraines from two different glaciers meet, forming a large ridge of rock debris
41
Q

What is ground moraine

A
  • Material that gets lodged and deposited underneath the glacier
42
Q

What is terminal moraine

A
  • Ridge of material that gets bulldozed by snout of glacier
43
Q

What is a drumlin

A
  • A hill made of glacial till deposited by a moving glacier, usually elongated or oval in shape
44
Q

What are erratics

A
  • Rocks which have been transported and deposited by a glacier a long way from their source region
45
Q

How are drumlins formed

A
  • material is deposited under glacier as ground moraine
  • the moraine is sculpted to form drumlin shapes by further ice movements
46
Q

Rock type in lake district

A
  • Volcanic rock
47
Q

Landform NOT found at lake district

A
  • Pyramidal peak
48
Q

Named arete in lake district

A
  • Striding edge
49
Q

Named hanging valley in lake district

A
  • Griseldale
50
Q

What activities take place on glacial moraine at Lake district

A
  • Farming- terminal moraine used as boundries
51
Q

Where can drumlins be found in L.D

A
  • Swindale
52
Q

Where have some erratics at L.D come from

A
  • Scotland
53
Q

Key physical characteristics of lake district

A
  • Largest of UK’s 15 national parks
  • Landscape formed 18,000 years ago
54
Q

How many visit Lake District each year

A
  • 18 Million people
55
Q

How many people live in the lake district

A
  • 41,000
56
Q

How much do tourists spend in Lake District yearly

A
  • £1.2 Billion
57
Q

Economic activities in Lake District

A
  • Tourism
  • Farming
  • Forestry
  • Quarrying
58
Q

What attracts tourists to Lake District

A
  • Natural beauty
  • Opportunity for walking and hiking- adventure
  • Many lakes allows for sailing, fishing and cruises
  • heritage/history
59
Q

Why is Lake district good for farming

A
  • Lots of pastures for Sheep/cattle
    -In summer, they bring livestock up into hills, and in winter they bring them down into Valley- regenerative farming, which encourages biodiversity
60
Q

Why is lake district good for forestry

A
  • Lots of space
  • Lots of rain- tree growth
  • Many of the trees are invasive species, which are ok to cut down
61
Q

How does forestry create economic opportunities

A
  • People needed to drive machinery
  • people needed to drive lorries to pick up timber
62
Q

Why is Lake District good for quarrying

A
  • Lots of gravel, slate and sand
    -in demand as used in construction
63
Q

Problems with quarrying in Lake District

A
  • ruins landscape
    -may have to be stopped soon as it is a World Heritage site
64
Q

What us a honeypot site

A
  • A place of natural or human interest that attracts people in large numbers
65
Q

example of honeypot site in Lake District

A
  • Lake windermere
66
Q

What features make lake windermere a honeypot site

A
  • Bike Hire
  • Boat hire
  • Car parks, information centre, toilets
  • museums
  • transport infrastructure
67
Q

Examples of tourist activities at Windermere

A
  • World of Beatrix Potter- attracts older people
  • Falcon cry- attracts families
  • Private sailing experience- attracts young couples
68
Q

Examples of other tourist activities at other parts of Lake District

A

-Ambleside- Mountain bike hire available
- Keswick- ‘Alpacaly ever after’ Pay for going on 1hr walk with an Alpaca

69
Q

Impacts of tourism at Lake District

A
  • Traffic congestion
  • High demand for properties
  • Pressure on local transport
  • Environmental damage
70
Q

Details of traffic congestion in Lake District

A
  • Social/environmental impact
  • 90% of people who travel to Lake District go by car- small roads lead to high congestion
    -annoying for locals- conflict
71
Q

Ways to manage traffic congestion

A
  • Improving accessibility of local transport
  • Make more accessible by bike
  • road signs to warn drivers of small/unsuitable roads
72
Q

Issues with managing traffic congestion

A
  • Building new roads is NOT an option
73
Q

Details of high demand for properties

A
  • Economic impact
  • People buy houses which they only use in summer/other holidays- left empty for rest of year, yet locals looking to buy houses forced to rent
74
Q

How to manage high demand for properties

A
  • Building more properties
  • instead of buying houses and leaving it empty, use Air B and B
75
Q

Issues with managing property demand

A
  • Lack of space to build new housing
76
Q

Details of pressure on local transport

A
  • Social impact
  • locals who need local transport to commute are unable to due to many tourists occupying public transport
77
Q

How to manage pressure on local transport

A
  • £7 million given by government to improve local transport
  • Bus routes from beginning and end of popular walking routes back to car parks
78
Q

Issues with managing local transport

A
  • Roads are small- getting more buses etc may cause more problems
79
Q

Name of arete in L.D

A
  • Striding edge
80
Q

Name of Tarn in L.D

A
  • Red tarn
81
Q

Name of ribbon lake in L.D

A
  • Windermere
82
Q

Name of erratic in L.D

A
  • Bowder stone

geography (10 decks)

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