Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

human Geography > changing places > Flashcards

changing places Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is a place

A

Geographers define place as space plus meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a place that has had an attachment of fear called and vice versa

A

Attachments can be negative - topophobia - or positive - topophilia - and are determined by the strength of the experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how can perception of place be gained

A

media
newspaper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are characteristics of a place

A

Physical geography- altitude
demography- gender
socio economic- employment
cultural- religion
political- local, regional and national governments
built environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what re the factors influencing perception of place

A

age
gender
sexuality
religion
role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does age influence a perception of place

A

as you get older - perception of place changes over time for example at 5 years old the perception of a park might be fun, a few year later the park could be used for other activities. Altering your perception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does a space become a place

A

it starts to have a meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does gender influence perception of place

A

traditionally places have been defined as ‘male’ or female. ‘women stay at home’- men in public.
Past sporting events- ‘large male attendence’
- women are excluded from certain places.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does sexuality influence perception of place

A

some placesqcquire a meaning because they are where LGBTQ= tend to cluster.
Some cities have LGBTQ+ zones on a map- e.g Manchester- ‘gay village’
lets people express themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does religion effect perception of place

A

location have spiritual meanings
sacred to certain types of people.
e.g giant mass of sandstone Ulura in the centre of Australia has significs=ant present in Aboriginal creation stories
e.g stonehenge
Jerusalem
many religious places are associated with peace and healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does Role influence perception of place

A

everyone perform a variety of roles at different times
position of responsibility
roles that we have at certain times can influence our perceptions of a location or how we behave. e.g working at a restaurant - going to the restaurant might feel like going to a place of work

parents perception of potential threats such as traffic might be far greater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what gives us emotional attachment to places

A

lived experiences
memories
family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is inequality

A

differences, based on factors such as age, ethnicity, gender, religion, education and wealth, exist in all societies. Such differences often raise moral issues concerning inequality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is spatial inequality

A

The unequal distribution of factors such as income education or health across geographic space at any scale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is quality of living

A

the extent to which peoples needs and desires are met. This can be seen in areas such as the treatment of people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is standard of living

A

the ability to access services and goods. This includes basics such as food and water, clothes, housing and personal mobility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is deprivation

A

refers to a context when quality of life and standard of living are low.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the factors that determine the standard of living, quality of life

A

social- fear of crime, standards of healthcare, standards of education
Physical- war, natural events, earthquakes, quality of housing, vandalism
political- opportunities to participate in community and influence decisions.
economic- access to leisure services, access to employment, minimum wage, levels of income.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is unemployment rates used to measure inequality

A

seen in the worlds bank- roles of income. US$1.90/ day ppp( purchasing power parity)- below this a person cannot afford to purchase the minimum amount of essentials.

other measures:

relative poverty- relates to level of poverty to the distribution of income across the whole population.

Gini coefficient- technique that can be used to measure levels of income inequality within countries- lower value, more equal the income is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is housing a useful in measuring inequality

A

ability to afford accommodation of an adequate standard

Housing tenure- important indicator of inequality, owner occcupies house outright- many AC’s- achieved by mortgages. LIDC’s more complicated- sqiuatter settlements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how is education useful in measuring inequality

A

formal educations, provided by schools, colleges, etc
informal education provided at home, e.g learning how to cook.
Acquisition of skills can be underestimated if only formal education qualifications are measured for inequality.
Inequality in education - through literacy rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is healthcare udeful in measuring inequality

A

associated with access to healthcare and levels of ill health+ levels of poverty and ill health} all relate to inequality
measures by no. of professionals or no. of doctors per 100 people- depending on where you live these values change.
access to clean water, + quality of diet also another indicator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are players

A

individuals, groups of people or formal organisations who can influence , or can be influenced by , the process of change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how are the EU players

A

trans national government which can influence Economic change via grants for infrastructure development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how are National Government players
has departments, and agencies resposinle for strategic planning such as education and training, major transport links and environmental management.
26
how are Local government players
Has similar responsibilities and carries out planning and implementation at the local scale such as country or city or town, government tries to stimulate economic growth, sustain existing employment and create new jobs and improve the environment.
27
what are private players
include a very wide range of different people and organisations
28
How are TNC's private players
Business range from TNC's to those who are self-employed and across all sectors in the economy. Primary aim of business players is to generate money to make a profit on their investment.
29
How are Local communities private players
Local communities are concerned about their immediate area. Are interested in economic change such as employment, and also social and environmental matters.
30
what is the differences in location between Lympstone and toxteth
Lympstone is in Devon, east bank of river Exe. !5km south of Exeter. Whereas Toxteth is in Liverpool, 1.5km from city centre. Next to river Mersey.
31
what is are the differences in Physical/ Nature between Lympstone and Toxteth
Lympstone occupies a small valley cut by Watton Brook. Through red Breccia cliffs - has small beaches . Toxteth, rising up from banks of the river Mersey. A stream flows from the north East , dividing into two before discharging into a river.
32
what are the differences in past/ history between Lympstone and Toxteth
Lympstone, established by the saxons , ownership transferred to the French for trade.coastal + cross links. Tourism in 1840s attracted wealthy families. 19th century ship building thrived, 20th century- dormitory for Exeter. Toxteth however established by saxons, domesday survey -handful of coastal villages. End of sixteenth century area used for farming. Major port in Industrial Revolution.
33
what are the differences in present day demographic population between Lymptone and Toxteth
Lympstone has a more elderly population + lower population density. 98.9% white homogenius whereas Toxteth has a younger population aged between 16 and 64- 75.5% higher amount of unemployment and racism.
34
what are the differences in socio economic between Lympstone and toxteth
Lympsotne has railway connections to Exeter. Average household size is 2.3 close to England average. % of ppl with bad health 4.2 Toxteth unemployment rate 37.5% 2010 average household size 1.9 % of ppl with bad health 9.4%
35
what are the differences in culture between Lympstone and toxteth
Lympstone- history based upon christianity. Toxteth- black African and black carribean communities- Jewish culture from 19th century.
36
what are the differences in political between Lympstone and toxteth
Lympstone - has a parish council- 11 selected serving local body: lighting local roads and providing and equipping community facilities, express views on any planning application, powers limited Toxteth Part of riverside ward - Liverpool city council. High power and duties
37
what are the differences in the built environment between Lympstone and Toxteth
Lympstone, has undergone changes, low order shops closed and converted . New housing constructed heart of village has strict planning rules, Toxteth has been adapted by migrant communities, mosques + ethnic retailers are visual indicators of a changing place lots of new buildings built
38
what are the differences in shifting changing flows ideas between Lympstone and Toxteth
Lympstone- shift in national economy in services, sell as the growing significance of economy has had a greater effect. Strong economic stimulus and brought in many jobs. Tertiary employment increased , higher education. sector. Toxteth loss of employment in the docks swell as manufacturing jobs, effected the whole of merseyside.- higher amount of unemployment- factor of many riots in 198- low point in history. Merseyside Development corporation- regenerate docks. 1988- major art gallery+ waterfront with international importance. Low carbon sector expanding - employment has increased due to offshore wind tech .
39
what is time space compression
a set of processes leading to a shrinking world caused by reductions in the relative distance between places.
40
what is de industrialisation
the absolute or relative decline in the importance of manufacturing in the economy of a country or region.
41
what is global shift
The locational movement of manufacturing production in particular from AC's to EDC's and LIDC's from the 1970s onwards
42
what is tenure
How you pay for properties
43
what is a contrast between two places in social inequality
jematab Besi and Northwood Irvine
44
what is globalisation
the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world, economically, socially, politically and culturally. Changes the way in which people see places ad experiences.
45
global village.
world has become smaller
46
who are the Kurds and what is their relation to place
an ethnic group across Middle East countries. 35 million population, with another 3 million living in diaspora, Germany. do not have their own state. Without place.
47
What is the idea of winners and losers relating to time space compression and globalisation
- some people feel comfortable with the changes brought by more and faster interconnections. Easier economic and social relations. -Other people feel sense of dislocation from place they grew up in or currently live in
48
how does the media change sense of place -informal ways of representing place.
crime figures or rainfall totals tend to change the perecption of places. -Television and films and graffiti also change the perception of place. examples are Eastenders and Coronation street , which represent inner city locations. can also promote tourism, e.g New Zealand
49
example of a formal way of representing place
Census, completed every 10 years, depicts birth, gender, religion, education, wealfare crime and more of a place/
50
rural places vs urban
closely knit, supportive community where everyone knows everyone else. More conservative and traditional on views
51
link between income and standard of living
greater choice of housing, education and diet- however, longer hours commute and area of work lead to living in poor air quality locations - low quality of life.
52
what is deprivation
when social inequality leads to low standard of living and quality of life.
53
how is deprivation measured
index of deprivation, seven factors contribute to deprivation, income, employment, health, education, crime access to housing and services and living environment,
54
how to measure income inequality
extreme poverty- below 1.90 per day. unable to buy essential needs. relative poverty- level of poverty compared to distribution of income14 million inhabitants in uk. or mini coefficient- distribution of income. depends on levels of disposable income
55
how to measure inequality in housing
housing tenure.The type and quality of households, links to income. AC's many people borrow money in mortgages to buy house outright. local authorities or private landlords deal with these
56
squatter settlement
when someone has no right to live somewhere
57
measure of inequality inEducation
formal and informal education. Informal can be gained through doing something at home or the workplace, e.g cooking. Measuring formal qualifications can be underestimated in EDC's and LIDC's.
58
Measure of inequality in Healthcare
access to healthcare and levels of ill health. links to poverty.measure is doctors per 1000 people. In UK inequality between areas due to postcode lottery , due to differences in morbidity and life expectancies in areas. Also access to clean water , and quality and quantity of diet , housing and air pollution. As well as vaccination like AIDS in Africa, sub saharan in Norway 2.9 dp1000 Kenya 0.2dp1000 also impacted by technology
59
Measure of inequality in Employment
weather a household has someone is in receipt of regular income. Or unemployment, however hard to access. Also depends on wages, UK rural areas have average incomes of below towns and citiesindormal sector of employment in EDC's and LIDC's
60
how has globalisation impacted economic change.
EDC'S NOW concentrate large amounts of primary and secondary sector jobs, as TNC's set up manufacturing units their. AC's transformed into post industrial societies
61
what is global shift
the relocation of manufacturing production on a global scale
62
what is deindustrialisation
reduction of manufacturing and secondary sector jobs .
63
positive and negative impact of economic change on AC's
cheaper imports of labour intensive products. -globval shift lead to demand for exports from AC's. -More focus on quaternary sector and investment into technology , as well as foreign direct investment -improved environmental quality from deindustrialisation negatives -deindustrialisation leads to job losses. -more high skilled jobs so gaps -fluctuating cycle with more recessions is vulnerable to branch plants.
64
positives and negatives to EDC's's and LIDCs of economic change and global shift
higher export generated incomes -exposure of ned technologies , multiplier effect. -larger amount of jibs to unemployed population negatives -unlikely to decrease inequality are jobs tend to be in urban areas could lead social impacts due to exploitation environmental issues destabilise food suppliers, movement towards secondary sector of work.
65
examples of movements into quaternary sector Uk
Birmingham research park provides job opportunities and attracts research led companies to partner. Attracts many companies I tluding dental research and lots of science. Provides accommodation and flexible working
66
when do booms usually occur
when the are large advancements in technology. Centres of innovation benefit from booms and are called core regions. Multiplier effect is strong
67
How can governments reduce inequality
taxation subsidies planning-charities law education. key settlement policy, services concentrated in urban places
68
what are two contrasting places in social inequality
jembatan besi, Jakarta Indonesia Northwood Irvine California
69
what re the differences between jembatan Besi and Northward Irvine
Jembatan Besi has over 30,000 people in 0.5km squared, Northwood Irvine 49,000 in much larger area socio economic -JB demand for affordable housing outweighs supply. Average income being 1,460 per year JB compared to to median income being 113,000/year NI. -Most work unskilled and self employment JB, Skilled formal labour in NI with high access to employment -JB secondary sector garment industry, NI tertiary and quaternary. - JB Health and safety is low, with polluted water ways and low sanitation. Communal toilets. Water-borne diseases cholera, air pollution is high, little fresh protein in diet. high crime rates NI low air pollution as edge of LA and excellent healthcare. crime rate 61% lower than national average/ -NI over 20% of residents having masters. further: housing agency identified 392 units of slum to improve.
70
71
example of place that has been affected by economic change
Detroit
72
how was Detroit impacted by economic change
- was a thriving hub of the car industry, since 1960 lost 60% of population. - cause of decline was deindustrialisation, was high wages and good benefits, then white workers took money to suburbs, bought homes and commuted. -offshoring caused manufacturing to shut does, led to large amounts of unemployment. -economic stagnation 30% unemployment rate increased crime inequality gap self help schemes
73
what is a player
74
what was Birmingham like in the past
large metropolitan region in West Midlands. -had poor agricultural sector. -Bermingham family player! given royal charter, allow to hold markets. -established metal working business, black country, supplying material. -large population growth around Industrial Revolution, as job iopportunities. -tertiary sector was goring, law and banking. Boulton was key player, established first factory. Then growth in gun, jewellery and brass industry, and Cadbury family. Canal network and railway in 1838. Vehicle industry boomed in 1900 and dunlop tyre company, 10,000 employees. rise in inequality between middle and lower class in neighborhoods. high air pollution.
75
impact of war on Birmingham and causes of economic change
- earnings fell from highest in UK to lowest and unemployment increased. 1970 oil crisis middle east war - increased the prices of oil significantly. Increased competition from overseas TNC's. Part of global shift. Decline in vehicle industry, Japanese car manufacturers, more reliable and better value. Given grants in central government, to gain investment into other areas in greater recession. - large amounts of strikes. Comprehensive redevelopment- slum clearance.- hard for investment from SME's. (small and medium sizes enterprises) Housing- 5,000 houses destroyed. 400 tower blocks were built. service sector increased- commuters increased loss of sense of community and increased crime. green belt established to prevent commuters and expansion. greater diversity of ethnic food shops and religion with increase in Caribbean, South Asia and far east. Diaspora- Balti triangle demography is youthful.
76
How has Birmingham been regenerated
role of government - attracted investment into city region- international airport , and exhibition centre. -new schemes- Heartland redevelopment, regenerate old industrial areas. 235 million secured EU investment fund- housing and buildings for SME's. -development into public spaces like Victoria square- water cascade. -flagship development International convection centre and symphony Hall, multiplier effect with hotels. -Indoor arena- sports events -Universities 50,000 population- increased youth- bring wealth and further employment -bull ring development in old marketplace in 1960's, leading retail centres. as well as 189 million investment into library . Canal and river trust regenerate canals. 700 million investment into railway, multiplier effect and has made 1000 jobs. -midland metro- Wolverhampton HS2 20 billion links London to Birmingham, involves government and TNC's and banks and National trust. 59 minutes - also motorway to south
77
what are flagship development
78
how does FDI lead to development
increase presence from TNC's originating in EDC's and LIDC's e.g LAnd Rover Jaguar
79
example of place making through FDI
Hitachi rail 85 million of fid from Japan into the UK uk gave 5.7 billion to Japan to build next gen inter city express. multiplier effect- employed 700 jobs. -social and economic improvements in Newton, which has been experiencing unemployment
80
how has planning made London a 24hr city
copied from Cairo and Mumbai, night bus routes doubled in 13 years. 2016 123 routes. Carry 2.3 mill passengers annually. underground lines opened 24 hour restaurants including McDonalds, opening 6 chains in central London, as well as gyms and hairdressers. Happened due to population change, growth in youth, and international tourism. retailers and supermarkets
81
What is a places brand
a popular image the place has acquires and by which it is generally recognised
82
what is brand essence
peoples experiences of the place
83
what are the strategies for rebranding place
-market led-private investors. Gentrification. -top down- large scale organisations such as local authorities -flagship development- large scale one off properties e.g international convection centre. - legacy, following international sporting events which brought investment e.g olympics - events or themes, major festivals
84
what are the elements involved in these strategies
architecture e.g Covent Garden reusing old buildings -heritage e.g bull ring Birmingham - retail retail, increased emphasis on shopping experience. -art- Glastonbury and art galleries -sport- sporting events -food- build reputation on high quality food
85
example in NGO involved in rebranding as players
National trust- HS2
86
example of a rebranding
CB1 rebranding
87
what was wrong with the CB1 area, what was important and who are the key players in the rebranding?
-derelict area using 1840's railway station. -derelict mill due to several fires -in 2110 the mill was restored- conserving the heritage of the town. The railway station was refurbished 2011 new accommodation was built Grimshaw designed new architecture for the area. Microsoft, Amazon and Deloitte reserved building s and other big TNC's moved in. Large FDI in the area. Integration of pocket parks into the area. Help to battle impact of air pollution that was large in a congested city centre the mill was used in art events. -multiplier effect brought new cafes and restaurants into the area, helping to improve the food quality and rep of the area. area around exit to railway was fully refurbished featuring trees, benefitted the perception of the area. Integration of park and ride, gained larger access to the area.
88
89

human Geography (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions