human rights

Question 1

what are human rights

Answer 1

the basic rights and freedoms which all human beings are entitled. They are applicable at all time and in a ll places and they protect everyone equally.

e.g the right to live

Question 2

what did the high commissioner for human rights say

Answer 2

‘human rights are inherited to all human beings’

Question 3

what are the two articles that were adopted by the universal declaration of human rights

Answer 3

article 5

article 9

Question 4

what did article 9 say

Answer 4

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile

Question 5

what did article 5 say

Answer 5

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel inhuman or degrading treatment to punishment

Question 6

How has globalisation impacted human rights

Answer 6

has had contadictory impacts on human rights on human rights.
the ability of civil societ to work across borders and to promote human rights.

-on othe hand it has enabled some organisations to gain power and perpetrate violations.

Question 7

what are human rights norms

Answer 7

represent ways of living that have been inculcated into th culture of a country or area over a long period of time. Foundation of human rights. There based on the moral principles that underpin the universally accepted standards of human behaviour.

Question 8

what are international treaties

Answer 8

international agreements concluded between states, in written form and governed by international law

Question 9

how do international treaties protect human rights

Answer 9

by signing them, it is the duty of the states to respect, protect, fulfil international human rights. Governments that sign these therefore have to put in practice domestic measures that comply with the treaty.

Question 10

what is the most widely ratified of all international human rights treaties, and what does it do

Answer 10

the convention on the Rights of the child.
signed by all governments worldwide, changes the way children are viewed and treated, describes what a child needs to survive, grow and achieve full potential, also explaining the responsibilities of adults. Forming the basis of UNICEF

Question 11

is the convention on the rights of a child in put worldwide

Answer 11

still significant variation in deaths of young children, infant mortality rate. The annual number of deaths of infants under the age of one per 1000 live births.

Question 12

how does the IMR(infant mortality rate) range from country

Answer 12

Somalia94.8
Japan 2.0

Question 13

why is this figure so different for the different countries

Answer 13

some countries aren’t upholding the rights of its most vulnerable people.

Question 14

what is intervention

Answer 14

the use of military force by a state or group of states in a foreign territory in order to end gross violation of fundamental human rights.

Question 15

what is the name for when intervention is for the purpose of humanitarian objectives

Answer 15

humanitarian human rights

Question 16

what is the only body that is legally allowed to authorise the use of force

Answer 16

UN Security Council

Question 17

why is intervention contrivertal

Answer 17

can have immediate benefits for local communities and contribute to long term socio-economic development and political stability.

-cqn have negative impacts- injuries and deaths to civilians, loss of homes and population displacement. also can increase human rights abuses, widening socio-economic inequalities that already exists within the country

Question 18

what are the millennium development goals

Answer 18

making sure people have access to basic needs and human rights made in 2000 made in 2012 sustainable development goals-more- addition of new goals (eradicate global poverty)- achieve by 2030
575 million people will still be living in extreme poverty by 2030
1/3 of countries will have halved their national poverty number

Question 19

what is extreme poverrty

Answer 19

living on less that $2.15 per day

Question 20

how does the United Nations intervention help to benefit the country

Answer 20

in addition to the UN Security Council for military presence, a UN human rights team is also sent to promote human rights, monitoring the situation, attempting to empower populations, strengthening the rule of Law

Question 21

what dies the UN coordinate to input the wide range of human rights

Answer 21

-UN high commissioner for refugees, WHO and UNICEF

-non-governmental organisations e.g red cross

Question 22

what else can the term intervention be used for

Answer 22

non-military sense
other instruments designed to compel states., e.g economic sanctions

Question 23

what is global governances

Answer 23

intervention by the global community, attempting to regulate issues, such as human rights.

Question 24

what does global governance involve

Answer 24

direct physical intervention as well as the application of a growing number of human rights norms, laws and treaties. effective intervention depends upon their interaction and co-ordination at all scales.

Question 25

what is geo-politics

Answer 25

the global balance if political power and international relations. This political power is closely related to economic power, and the trade strength of nations ad groups of nations.

Question 26

what are the different perspectives of the distribution of geopolitical power.

Answer 26

the USA is the only superpower, remaining military dominant and politically. there are powerful AC's emerging and developing countries EDCs and peripheral economies of the low-income developing countries LIDC's -globalisation has caused some transnational corporations to have considerable influence on the countries in which they invest.

Question 27

the geopolitics of interventions in human rights issues requires an understanding of the

Answer 27

political composition of the groups of countries and organisations involved in intervention -nature of the intervention -reasons why intervention has been deemed necessary- characteristic features of the country and people affected.

Question 28

what is article 3 of the UDHR

Answer 28

'everyone has the right to love, liberty and security'.

Question 29

what are the three things that can violate article 3

Answer 29

forced labour, maternal mortality rates and capital punishment.

Question 30

59.4% of the forced labour that is site imposed are male whilst 84.2% of forced marriage forced labour are women

Question 31

how many people globally are victims of force labour

Answer 31

25 million people 16 million of those are exploited in economic activities such as agriculture, construction, domestic work and manufacturing

Question 32

examples of forced labour

Answer 32

garment making in South Asian factories -digging for minerals in African mines

Question 33

what are economic factors that influence global variations in forced labour

Answer 33

poverty lack of economic opportunities -unemployment low wages -migration and seeking work

Question 34

what are political factors that influence variations in forced labour

Answer 34

-conflict -political instability -corruption -high levels of discrimination and prejudice.

Question 35

what are the social factors that influence variations in forced labour

Answer 35

gender inequality -age -bonded labour enslaving entire families -women and children trafficked for sexual exploitation

Question 36

what are the environmental factors that influence global variation in forced labour

Answer 36

escaping climate related disasters hazardous working conditions e.g mines.

Question 37

what is the definition for maternal mortality rate

Answer 37

the death of a women while pregnant or within 42 days termination of pregnancy, the annual number of deaths per 100,000 live births

Question 38

facts about the maternal mortality rate

Answer 38

in 2017 295,000 women died during or following pregnancy, most of these deaths occurred in developing countries, and worst effected was in South Sudan 1150 and the best was Italy with only 2

Question 39

factors that influence global variances in MMR

Answer 39

access to treatment for pregnancy and birth complications -quality of the medical services -level of political commitment and government investment availability of education and information -poverty -cultutral beliefs.

Question 40

what are the human rights treaties that protect MMR (maternal mortality rate)

Answer 40

CEDAW- conservation of elimination of all forms of discrimination against women -laws in states

Question 41

what is capital punishment

Answer 41

the death penalty

Question 42

why is the death penalty a violation of human rights

Answer 42

violated the most fundamental human right, the right to live . Amnesty international campaign against this breach.

Question 43

stats about human rights

Answer 43

in 2018 there were at least 690 executions globally.

Question 44

factors that influence variation is capital punishment

Answer 44

differences between countries in the range and type of crimes for which it is imposed -the increase in the umbers of countries where it is being abolished -if it Is legal under national law -its reinstatement due to threats against state security and public sfety posed by terrorism -the number of pardons.

Question 45

what is gender inequality

Answer 45

the unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender. Women or men do not enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all sectors of society.

Question 46

what is GGGI

Answer 46

global gender gap index

Question 47

which country has the lowest GGGI

Answer 47

yemen 0.494

Question 48

which country has the highest GGGI

Answer 48

Iceland 0.877

Question 49

With reference to one EDC case study, explain the opportunities for development created by global governance of human rights.

Answer 49

India -global governance is intervention by the global community, attempting to regulate issues, such as human rights NGO's implementing - development projects are taking a gendered approach. - ICRW set up a ‘safe cities project in partnership with UN women. - Approach has lead to women starting to gain confidence to report more crimes and to speak up for their rights in their community. - 28.7 per cent of women experience gender violence in their lifetime, in addition of the social norms that have been built after time, making this violence a normal tradition. - goes with article 5- no person should be subjected to torture - - some large Companies are beginning to provide child- care facilities and to organise flexi-work options as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility, fight against the norm of women not going to work- only 25 per cent of married women returned to work. - The Indian Ministry of Hime Affairs anti-trafficking cell. Involves strengthening law enforcement, expansion and training of anti-trafficking police units, more accurate reporting of crime- - against article 4 and to fight against the 8 million people which are children and girls effected by trafficking and sexual exploitation.

Question 50

examples of challenges related by gender inequality

Answer 50

forced marriage trafficking into forced labour access to education employment opportunities wage equality violence against women

Question 51

link between gender inequality and education

Answer 51

gender inequality in education tends to favour males. -Under the MDG (millennial development goals) there has been significant improvement to achieve universal primary education. -obsticles are greatest in Africa and South Asia -links to infant mortality, population growth rates

Question 52

factors that influence female educational participation

Answer 52

costs -household obligations -negative classroom environments -insufficient numbers of female teachers -prevalence of child marriage.

Question 53

what is the gender equality link to reproductive health services

Answer 53

-genetal mutiliation, linking to religious beliefs FGM. -economically and socially disadvantaged women are less likely to have access to information and education. in sub-saharan africa 12% of females were married before the age of 15. 1300 civil committees involved in ending child marriage

Question 54

gender inequality link to employment opportunities.

Answer 54

Rwanda there is greater female participation, whereas Iraq there is low access to the labour market. social norms where men are attributed to supporting the income and women devote time to children -cultural beliefs and practices of religious and social beliefs -levels of government support for child care -still 18 countries in which husbands can legally prevent wives from working.

Question 55

what is the gender inequality issue in India

Answer 55

violence against women-28.7% of women experience gender violence. Underpinned by social norms, through customary practices. Most prevalent were from husbands and relatives. Police registered 33,658 cases of rape -Modern slavery-8 million victims, forced labour like sex exploitation, bonded labour schemes, parents send their children -discrimination in the workplace -cultural norm of male dominance

Question 56

how can conflict cause human rights issues

Answer 56

denial of human rights such as food, housing, and employment opportunities -denial of freedom in society -unrepresentative government where people are treated unequally -genocide or torture -high incidence of mortality -damage to homes and property -exploitation of women and children.

Question 57

what are the intervention strategies for conflict and human rights

Answer 57

military action, for example 2011 Lybia, violation of human rights like bombing and starvation. NATO forces took over -education and training in law enforcement Technology such as social media to help flows of ideas and information Satellite imagery might be used in dangerous areas AID workers such as NGO staff, 2020 UN employed 12,870 personelle in Africa

Question 58

With reference to one LIDC case study, explain the opportunities for development created by global governance of human rights. explain the current human right issues UN intervention and consequences of global goivernance

Answer 58

Afghanistan human rights issues: -high amounts of casualties, 45,000 of the Afghan security forces have been killed. -high levels of gender inequality ranks 153, on gender inequality index only 12% of women have secondary education -population displacement. 1.7 million people migrated abroad. -87% of women endure physical, sexual or emotional violence -widespread food insecurity, severe drought UN- support the process of peace and reconciliation, protect civilians in armed conflict global governance: rural -Unicef: promote community based schools and learning -protect children from child marriage -provide safe haven for children affected by conflict protect the recruitment of children into armed conflict -mobile health teams to protect and vaccinate children -improve fresh water supply and sanitation urban: Un working to co-ordinate the afghan government, local governments to upgrade neighbourhoods -elect community development councils -help to improve the services like healthcare -CDC's ar locally elected with 50% female -improve housing and infrastructure -improve engagement of women in projects, employment opportunities. -afghan government: implement treaties like CEDAW: improves gender inequality in access to employment, education., health care and political participoation, however limited progress in female participation due to the social norms -improvements in trade -effects is non uniform across the whole country.

Question 59

The impact of global governance of human rights in an LIDC

Answer 59

Democratic Republic of the Congo political instability -poorest countries -civillian loss of life -people displaced from homes -limited access to health care and education -children recruitment by military groups. -forced labour stabilisation mission aims ro protect civilians and defend threat of physical violence. -over 18,000 personal were deployed in Uganda -New president aims to improve health care and sanitation and education NGO's: Care which help to reduce mortality, improve gender and food security Action aid: working to improve community resilience by providing agri tools and seeds. opportunities: preventing conflict through UN Election of new president in 2019 -Un established peace security Growth: DRC has potential to become one of the richest economies due to natural resources -economic growth- for metals 3.9% increase -mider range of service provision, including the mining sector World bank group aiming to fight poverty and improve standards of living like equal access to education forest management challenges: -still domestic violence -sex trafficking -still not equal access to education High IMR high diseases 74% live in extreme population.