Changing places Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
What is a place?
A
A space with meaning to which people have an attachment
2
Q
What does locale mean?
A
The idea that each place is shaped by the people, culture and customs. Locales help to form behaviours, attitudes and opinions.
3
Q
What is a space?
A
An area with no meaning
4
Q
What is a sense of place?
A
The emotional and subjective attachment to a place that is developed through experiencing a place
5
Q
What does placelessness mean?
A
The idea that a particular area could be anywhere because it lacks uniqueness e.g. airports.
6
Q
What factors can affect our attachment to a place?
A
Gender, ethnicity, religion, age, education, socio-economic status, past experiences.
7
Q
What are the 3 parts of the tripartite model of attachment?
A
Person
Place
Process
8
Q
Who are insiders?
A
People who feel like they belong in a certain place and consider it home e.g. place of birth.
9
Q
Who are outsiders?
A
People who don’t feel like they belong in a certain place e.g. tourists.
10
Q
What are perceptions of a place?
A
How we view and interpret a place.
11
Q
What is social exclusion?
A
Exclusion from the social system and its rights and privileges, typically as a result of belonging to a minority group.
12
Q
What is spatial exclusion?
A
Exclusion from certain spaces within society. May not be fixed but people feel unwelcome.
13
Q
What are gated communities?
A
Groups of houses that are surrounded by fences or walls and are only accessible to residents.
14
Q
What is a near place?
A
Somewhere perceived as being physically close, either because it accessible or spatially close.
15
Q
What is a far place?
A
Somewhere perceived as being physically distant, generally inaccessible. It may be viewed as different or exotic.
16
Q
What is a media place?
A
A place experienced through the media. Haven’t been there though feel as though we have.
17
Q
What is an experienced place?
A
Place that an individual has visited and is comfortable in/has an attachment.
18
Q
What is Topophilia?
A
Love of a place
19
Q
What is Topophobia?
A
Hate of a place
20
Q
How do India feel about their representation in Slumdog millionaire?
A
-Don’t want to be seen as poor or 3rd world, want to be compared to powerful countries.
-Protested against film
-Clear it was made by an outsider
21
Q
What are endogenous factors?
A
Internal factors that help shape the character of a place.
22
Q
What are exogenous factors?
A
external factors that help shape the character of a place.
23
Q
List some endogenous factors:
A
Land use, topography, physical geography, infrastructure, demographic characteristics, built environment, location, economic characteristics.
24
Q
List some exogenous factors:
A
Resources, ideas, people
25
How have endogenous factors affected Kettering's character?
Topography + Land use = Relatively flat, Means farming is able to take place flat land then allowed for construction of factories when boot manufacturing took off. Old factories have since been changed to accommodation.
Built environment and infrastructure = 2011 census - 87% live in houses or bungalows, good connections to London (east-midlands railway).
26
How have exogenous factors affected Kettering's character?
People = 2004 - EU accepted 10 new eastern European countries. Between 2004-2009 immigration peaked at 1.5 million. 2/3 were polish. 2011 census - 13.9% in kettering born outside UK.
Ideas = 2011 census - 12.3% in kettering employed as managers, directors or senior officials. 11.3% employed in leisure, caring or service occupations.
27
What are the shifting flows that affect characteristics of places?
People
Resources
Money
Investment
Ideas
28
What is de-industrialisation?
Process of social and economic change caused by the removal of industrial activity.
-Deindustrialisation in the UK led to the removal of industrial activity in primary and secondary sectors. e.g. Yorkshire + Lancashire were hotspots for mining.
29
Give some examples of how shifting flows can affect places:
-Purchase of 2nd homes in seaside resorts leads to 'ghost towns'
-Gentrification of cities and the displacement of groups of people.
-Impact of international migration changes local demographics.
-Movement of TNC's around the world
30
How can external *forces* influence places:
-**Government policies** - Attracts businesses, stimulates positive multiplier effect.
-**Decisions of multi-national corporations** - job losses in business and supply chain when businesses close.
-**Impacts of international institutions** - E.g. in 2020, World Bank was running development projects in Haiti post the earthquake.
31
# Case study
What were the main issues in Belfast + (background)
| External forces - goverment policies
-Ireland's main industrial city in 19th century for linen, heavy engineering and ship building.
-Living conditions for working class was extremely squalid, **slum clearances (1910)** alleviated suffering for a while.
-However large-scale deindustrialisation of Belfast in **1980s** reinforced socio-economic inequality and intensified social and religious tensions.
32
# Case study
What was the Laganside Corporation in Belfast and what was their objective?
Government body formed in **1989**, goal of regenerating areas next to **River Lagan** - areas which suffered poor environmental conditions due to decline in ship building.
Objective - Regeneration of areas by:
-Bringing land and buildings back into use.
-Encouraging investment in development of commerce.
-Encouraging people to live and work in the area by providing housing and recreational facilities.
33
# Case study
What developments were created as a result of the Laganside Corporation
| Belfast
-Lanyon place (train station) was the flagship project.
-Waterfront hall (major international conference and concert venue).
-Riverside tower
-5-star Hilton hotel.
34
# Case study
Describe the redevelopment of Belfast's old gasworks
-Many old buildings were kept and are now home to the Northern Ireland Environmental Agency.
-Landmark tenant = £45mill HBOS call centre building.
Other developments:
-Radisson Blu Hotel
-BBC Northern Ireland
However locals dissaproved of these as they are only relevant to tourists.
35
# Case study
Describe the Neighbourhood renewal strategy
| Belfast
-Introduced by Department for Social Development in 2003.
-Aimed at 10% most deprived wards in N Ireland - Multiple Deprivation Index was used to set up neighbourhood renewal areas.
-One of the Super Output Areas selected was Duncairn.
-Duncairn Gardens Scheme covers 6 hectares, constructed 140 houses and is now home to 49 business units. -However removed 300 houses (conflict from locals).
36
# Mini case study
Describe the change in Port Sunlight
| External agencies/shifting flows
William Lever (Large company of unilever) built a new factory in Port Sunlight with an adjoining village for his workers. Village contained terrace houses with unique designs, but still prioritised keeping the character of Port Sunlight.
Also provided public buildings e.g. church, hospital, schools.
37
# Mini case study
Describe the change in Devonport, Plymouth.
| External agencies/shifting flows
Changed considerably over last 60 years, was originally an old naval dockyard due to its location, which displaced many residents.
Benefitted from new deal for communities from 2001-2011.
Despite this, there are still pockets of deprivation in Devonport - so a major redevelopment od the docks was announced in 2020 to create 60 jobs.
38
# Mini case study
Describe the change in Medellin (Colombia)
| External agencies/shifting flows
2nd largest city in Colombia, was associated with drugs and violence for a long time. Unemployment, poverty, crime etc.
Today it is a model for regeneration and sustainable city planning through long term investments in infrastructure and education. Now there is less social divide.
Improvement include new transport systems etc.
39
How can government policies affect the demographics of a place?
Can introduce policies to control the population e.g. china's one child policy. Yet other places have introduced policies such as lower taxes and better maternity leave to increase birth rate.
40
How can government policies affect the cultural characteristics of a place?
By controlling immigration - e.g. in the 1960's the german government invited Turkish people to live and work in Germany, as a result aspects of Turkish culture are now common in Germany.
41
How can government policies affect a society?
By funding schemes to regenerate areas e.g. Hulme city challenge built houses, parks, shopping areas. Led to increase in pop. and created jobs.
42
Give an example of how an individual can be an agent of change:
Joseph Damer removed buildings from the town of Milton in Dorset as he thought they 'spoiled the view'. As a result many people were relocated to the village of Milton Abbas.
43
What is re-imaging?
-Aims to discard negative perceptions.
-Generates new positive sets of ideas, feelings and attitudes towards a place.
-May draw on heritage/history of a place.
44
Describe re-imaging in Liverpool
Why it was needed:
-Pop. dropped from 801K (1931) to 500K (1991) due to economic recession.
-Deindustrialisation = high unemployment, low rental + property value, poor services.
What was done:
-Development of Albert dock by Merseyside development corporation (1981)
>Work commenced in 1983 and official reopening with Prince Charles was in 1988.
45
What is re-branding?
-Giving a place a new identity
-Used to discard negative perceptions
-To make a place more desirable to live in.
-To make it a more attractive place to visit.
46
Describe rebranding in Amsterdam
Late 20th century Amsterdam had a poor reputation due to: Failed bid to host olympics, liberal attitude to drugs and prostitution, socio-economic decline in some areas.
Rebrand = 'I Amsterdam' campaign, large letters put infront of Rijks museum and is now city's most photographed item.
47
What is place marketing?
-How places are 'sold'
-Role of marketing companies to create a positive perception of a place.
-Often commissioned by a national or local government.
-E.g. adverts, social media, websites.
48
Describe place marketing in Llandudno Wales
Built in late 19th century as a holiday resort.
Guided walk was created with wooden statues inspired by Alice in Wonderland with all proceeds going to the town. - 'Alice day' also boosted visitor numbers.
One of the projects aims was to remind locals of history and beauty of town.
49
What is regeneration?
-Long term process
-Involves redeveloping and using social, economic, and environmental action to reverse urban decline.
50
Describe regeneration in Bristol
Industries such as manufacturing aircraft suffered job loss during industrialisation and economic decline of 1970s, workforce fell to 17%.
Regeneration:
City now has zones of production and consumption with areas like harbourside and temple quay undergoing major regeneration.
Temple quay = Offices, bars, cafes, train services.
51
Describe gentrification in Brick Lane
Cockneys - French - Jewish (synagogues, kosher food). - Bengali + Pakistani community (mosques, halal food - 50s and 60s)
National front attacked these groups (70s)
Now gentrification means Bengali community are selling and moving away although most are happy to do so.
52
# Mini CS - issues with Rio hosting 2016 olympics
What are the issues with pollution in Guanabara bay?
| Conflict resulting from change
-Rio's olympic bid promised to clean bay up by 80% but have only achieved 49%.
-Biologists say olympians have risks of diseases such as gastrointestinal infections, hepatitis, mycoses.
53
# Mini CS - issues with Rio hosting 2016 olympics
What are the issues with water and energy in Rio?
| Conflict resulting from change
-70% of Rio's energy is from HE power, so a water crisis (drought) also means an energy crisis.
-Rio had to spend $5 billion on fossil fuels for 2014 world cup and were risks of repeating this for olympics.
54
# Mini CS - issues with Rio hosting 2016 olympics
What are the issues with **social tensions** in Rio?
| Conflict resulting from change
-8000 families were at risk of removal of homes in favellas for construction for olympic games.
-Government officials were reported going from door to door to negotiate as an intimidation tactic.
-Rio criticised for prioritisng interests of the private sector (golf course, olympic village) and ignoring public transportation projects e.g. extension of metro lines.
55
What is place identity?
What a place is known for, how it is unique.
56
# Mini CS
Background information on Totnes:
8500 people with 1000 year history, famous for unique and colourful high street. - 42 independent coffee shops.
Long and proud history of independent retailers, with the lowest % of branded stores for a town its size.
57
# Mini CS
Describe the conflic between Totness and Costa
Locals didn't want costa to move into their high street.
6000 signed a petition and 300 wrote to the council to object.
Eventually Costa withdrew.
58
What are clone towns?
A town where the high street or other major shopping areas are significantly dominated by chain stores.
59
Give some qualitative ways in which places can be represented as well as pros and cons:
Photos, Film - Can be photoshopped and are selective in what they show.
Art, Music, Poetry - Subjective, interpreted differently by people.
Graffiti - Can be considered as vandalism.
Intervews - Biased, people may not be honest.
60
Give some quantitative ways in which places can be represented as well as pros and cons:
Statistics (Census) - Pro - Objective. Con - May be incomplete as ppl may withold info, doesn't tell about lived experience.
Maps - Pro - Provide a visual representation of a place. Con - Can contain hidden bias and cause issues if drawn incorrectly.
61
What are agents of change?
People who impact a place through living, working, or trying to change that place. E.g. Government policies, multinational corporations, global institutions.
62
What is place meaning?
Relates to individual or collective perceptions of place.
63
What is place representation?
How a place is portrayed or viewed in society.
