Changing Places Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Place-What?
A
A location with meaning. Places can be meaningful to individuals in ways which are personal or subjective. Places can also be meaningful at a social or cultural level and these meanings are shared by different groups or people
2
Q
Physical Characteristics-What?
A
The landscape and/or natural features of a place eg: Mountains
3
Q
Human Characteristics-What?
A
How the land is used, man made structures, types of people who are in that place
4
Q
Sense of Place-What?
A
The subjective and emotional attachment of people to a place. This is usually via personal experience and knowledge of an area
5
Q
Location-What?
A
Where a place is
6
Q
Locale-What?
A
The place where something happens or is set. Certain events may be associated with this place
7
Q
Attachment-What?
A
Our knowledge and understanding of a place, a depth of feeling
8
Q
Intensity of Experience-What?
A
The more enjoyable an experience , or feeling of safety, the greater the intensity
9
Q
Insider-What?
A
Someone who knows a place well and is familiar with it
10
Q
Outsider-What?
A
Someone who doesn’t know a place well, or someone who is marginalised
11
Q
Reasons for feeling like an Outsider
A
A person could feel like an outsider in a place due to their:
- Religion
- Colour
- Age
- Nationality
- Sexual Orientation
- Disability
- Social Status
- Gender
12
Q
Case Study-UK Segregation
A
In the UK, White Britons are leaving areas where they think they are the minority. The majority of these areas are urban areas. They are moving to rural areas
13
Q
Case Study-UK Segregation-“The Ambridge Effect”
A
When an minority advances into a white majority area. This makes the whites feel like an outsider, and they move to where they feel like an insider
14
Q
Case Study-UK Segregation-Causes of Segregation
A
- Whites leaving minority owned areas
- The “Open Door” immigration policy
- Some immigrants not conforming to social norms
- The opposition to the idea of a “Multicultural Society”
- Politics
15
Q
Case Study-UK Segregation-Conflicts and Changes due to Segregation
A
- Shops that cater for the minority
- The “Us” and “Them” mentality
- The rise of Right Wing Populism
16
Q
Globalisation-What?
A
The process by which national economies, societies and cultures have become increasingly integrated through the global network of trade,communication,transportation and immigration
17
Q
Types of Globalisation
A
There are three types of globalisation:
- Economic
- Social
- Political
18
Q
How Economic Globalisation Will Affect a Place
A
More global companies will be allowed into a area. This will make the place more similar to other places
19
Q
How Social Globalisation Will Affect a Place
A
The area and culture of a place will become “Westernised”. This will make the place more similar to other places
20
Q
How Political Globalisation Will Affect a Place
A
Western style democracies will be brought into a place. This will bring democracy into a place. It will also allow companies to enter a country, which will make the place more similar to other places
21
Q
Impacts of Globalisation on a place
A
The main impact of globalisation on a place is that the place will become similar to other places. This process is known as Homogenisation
22
Q
Perception of Place-What?
A
The way in which place is viewed or regarded by people. This can be influenced by media representation or via personal experience
23
Q
Character of Place-What?
A
These are the physical and human features which distinguish one place from other
24
Q
Categories of Place-Types
A
There are 4 different categories that places that be categorized into:
- Near Places
- Far Places
- Experienced Places
- Media Places
25
Near Place-What?
Places that when in, an individual feels safe, familiar and homelike
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Far Places-What?
Places that are seen as foreign or different. The individual does not feel safe or see this places as familiar or homelike
27
Experienced Places-What?
Places that we have been to and experienced
28
Media Place-What?
A place whose representation comes from the media
29
Topophila-What?
The love of or emotional connections with a place or physical environment
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Topophobia-What?
The hatred of a place or physical environment
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Genius Loci-What?
The special atmosphere of a particular place
32
Why can we be attracted to fictional places?
We have a strong sense of what these places are like, and they cannot be ruined as we cannot visit them as they do not exist
33
Endogenous Factors-What?
Internal factors that help shape the character of a place. These can be physical geographical features as well as human features
34
Exogenous Factors-What?
External factors that help shape the character of a place. These are generally the relations that a place has with other places that affect its characteristics
35
Types of Flows
The 4 most common flows are
- Resources
- People
- Ideas
- Money and Investment
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Flow of Resources-What?
Raw materials, transport or infrastructure
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How does Flow of Resources affect the character of place?
As the area builds new transport links, the place will become more connected to other places
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Flow of People-What?
Migrants or workers come from outside of a place to work and/or live
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How does Flows of People affect the character place?
As the area gains new people, the place will become more multicultural as it is full of different cultures
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Flows of Ideas-What?
Urban planners, architects, businesses and artists may shape and change a place
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How does Flow of Ideas affect the character of place?
As the shape of the place changes, it may become different. There is a risk that it might become homogenised. The locals won't like this, and may move out
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Flow of Money and Investment-What?
Investment from a business based outside the area
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How does Flow of Money and Investment affect the character of place?
As the area is invested in and gains money, this increases the economy of the area and crates jobs for the area
44
Placelessness -What?
The notion that a place could!d be anywhere as it lacks uniqueness
45
Clone Towns -What?
Urban retail areas dominated by national and in some cases international chain shops. In clone towns, there will be little unique character and independent shops
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Why are Clone Towns an Issue-Businesses
Small independent businesses are lost as more chain stored enter an area
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Why are Clone Towns an Issue-Choice
The amount of choice was reduced as chain stored only stock limited lines
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Why are Clone Towns an Issue-Power
The chain stored had too much power and treated suppliers unfairly
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Why are Clone Towns an Issue-CBD
Many chain stored relocated to our of town retail parks, this damaged the Central Business District and increased prices,congestion and pollution in the rural urban fringe
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Why are Clone Towns an Issue-Identity
Regional identity reduced as all supermarkets stocked the same food and products
51
Case Study -Totnes and Costa Coffee
The town of Totnes did not want Costa Coffee to be located in the town
52
Case Study -Totnes and Costa Coffee-Why did Totnes Oppose Costa Coffee
- Threat to local cafe's
- Already has 42 places that well coffee
- Could damage local tourism and economy
- Totnes have a tradition of being independent
- Totnes has the lowest % of chain stored in the UK
53
How can we be connected to a place?
We can be connected to a place via:
- Family
- Friends
- Visits
- Culture
- Media
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What can connections between a place do?
Connections between one place to another can cause a number of changes to a location. Due to the complex nature of these changes, it can often cause conflict
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The Process of Change
The type of change is due to the cause of the change (e.g.Volcanic eruption causes people to leave the area and go somewhere else). This changes creates a conflict, which needs to be resolved
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Types of Change
There are 5 main types of change:
- Demographics
- Social
- Cultural
- Economic
- Environmental
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Types of Change-Demographics
A change in the make-up of an area
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Types of Change-Social
A change in the people there
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Types of Change-Social-Causes
Emigration, Lack of People, Politics
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Types of Change-Cultural
A change in the culture of an area
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Types of Change-Cultural -Causes
Immigration, Migration, Globalisation, A change in Norms
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Types of Change-Economic
A change in the amount of money in the area
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Types of Change -Economic -Causes
Deprivation, Lack of resources, Lack of Investment
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Types of Change-Environmental
A change to the physical environment of the area
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Types of Change -Environmental -Causes
Natural disasters, a change in weather, Global Warming and Climate Change
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Place Change Case Study -Hackney-How the Change happened
- Hackney was a industry centred place.
- The growth in population caused many cultures to enter the area.
- Lots of "Middle Class " establishments instead of regular shops
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Place Change Case Study -Hackney-Why the Place Changed
- After World War Two, industry moved
- Wave of immigration came into Hackney -Increase in Social Housing
- "Hipsters " have taken over the town
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Place Change Case Study -Hackney-Conflicts Caused
- Locals cannot afford to live there
- £5 for a cappuccino
- Lack of integration between hipsters and locals
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Place Change Case Study -Las Vegas-How the change happened
- Town started to grow in 1905
- Many high tech companies were located in Law Vegas
- Legalised Gambling
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Place Change Case Study -Las Vegas-Why the change happened
- Tourists come to Vegas to gamble -City gains money
- Railroad introduced
- Nevada legalized gambling
- Tourism
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Place Change Case Study -Las Vegas-Conflicts from Change
- Lots of globalisation, people might not want that
- Businesses don't have to pay city of state taxes -Conflict from outside cities
- Conflict with other gambling cities, like Atlantic City, New Jersey
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Place Change Case Study -Kendal Green Belt-How the Place Changed
- An increase in housing.
| - 119 homes were bulit
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Place Change Case Study -Kendal Green Belt-Why the change happened
- Government relaxed planning restrictions on green belt areas
- Many people wanted to live there
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Place Change Case Study -Kendal Green Belt -Conflicts from Change
- Residents formed a action group and put up large banners
- Housing is out of character with the surrounding area
- Water Drainage polluted the river
- Full hospitals
- Full Schools
75
Stakeholders -What?
People or organisations who are involved in any aspect of "Changing Places"
76
Forces of Change-Stakeholders
There are a number of stakeholders involved in changing a place:
- International Organisations
- Local Community Groups
- Transnational Companies
- National Institutions
- Global Institutions
- Individuals
77
Forces of Change-Stakeholders-International Organisations
International organisations can provide funding to certain areas. Regions can use this to improve their area. International organisations can also provide policies and procedures quotas on what is allowed
78
Forces of Change-Stakeholders -Local Community Groups
A local community group is a community project centred on that community, normally to protest something. Communities try to create change for them
79
Forces of Change-Stakeholders-Transnational Companies
Bringing a Transnational Corporation into a area can affect the area by:
- Driving away local businesses
- Provide jobs for the area
- Potentially lead to Homogenization
80
Forces of Change-Stakeholders-National Institutions
National institutions, like the National Trust, can protect and conserve a place. This can prevent a area from changing
81
Forces of Change-Stakeholders-Global Institutions
- Non Government Organisations can protest against change being made
- World Trade Organisation can make trade of resources between areas much easier. This can lead to investment in the area
82
Forces of Change-Stakeholders- Individuals
Individuals can protest to change something. A individual can invest into a area, bringing jobs and improving the image of the area
83
Case Study -Detroit
Detroit was the main car manufacturing city in the USA, with many factories employing workers. The factories then closed down and relocated aboard. This lead the city to be deprived. In 2013, the city declare Bankruptcy
84
How are place representations formed?
- Advertising
- History
- News
- Media
- People
- Books
- Music
- Food
- Culture
- Maps
- Social Media
85
Types of Place Representations -Formal
This is a representation based on fact. It uses census data, which is quantitative data
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Types of Place Representations -Abstract
This kind of representation show the relationships between the place. Normally in the form maps
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Types of Place Representations -Informal
These are opinion based. These can show only the best/worst in the place. This form of representation varies from person to person
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Informal Representation Case Study -New York City-Paintings
- Central Park is shown as a peaceful and relaxing place
| - Times Square is seen as busy and crowded
89
Informal Representation Case Study -New York City-Travel Brochure
- Manhattan is seen as the place where everything happens
- Brooklyn is seen as a cultured place for "Hipsters"
- Other boroughs do not get a mention (especially Staten Island, which annoys the creator of these flashcards)
90
Informal Representation Case Study -New York City-Empire State of Mind by Alicia Keys
This song portrays the city has a "concrete jungle" where people dreams can come true
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Informal Representation Case Study -New York City-The Devil Wears Prada
This film shows NYC as a fashionable, designer place where you have to be a stereotype to fit in
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Informal Representation Case Study -New York City-Social Media "Check ins"
The most popular check ins are tourist destinations, arenas and historical landmarks
93
How to change a places reputation
There are 3 says to change a places reputation:
- Rebranding
- Re -Imagining
- Regeneration
94
Rebranding -What?
The ways in which a place is redeveloped or marketed so that it gains a new identity. It can then attract new investors and visitors, and the process may involve both 're-imaging and regeneration
95
Re-imaging -What?
The remodelling of areas to counter negative perception and provide "post -industrial" functions e.g. :Retailing and Tourism
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Regeneration -What?
A long term process involving social, economic and physical action to reserve decline and create sustainable communities
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Factors that motivate rebranding-Locals
Rebranding could make the place more attractive for businesses and locals
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Factors that motivate rebranding-Jobs
Rebranding can improve job opportunities
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Factors that motivate rebranding-Investment
Rebranding can attract inward investment to the area
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Factors that motivate rebranding-Environment
Rebranding can improve the quality of the built environment
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Factors that motivate rebranding-people Moving
Rebranding can encourage people to move, live and work in an area
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Factors that motivate rebranding-Stereotypes
Rebranding can change the negative stereotypes of an area
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Factors that motivate rebranding-Status
Rebranding can raise the status of a place
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Mechanisms of Rebranding
There are 6 ways to rebrand a place:
- Cultural
- Retail
- Technology and Science
- Sport
- Education
- Leisure
105
Rebranding Case Study -Birmingham-Why was it needed
- Birmingham had no distinct features
- Seen as "Dull"
- Experienced industrial decline
- Canals fell into disrepair
- Lack of investment in the area
- Lack of money in the area
106
Rebranding Case Study -Birmingham-What did they do?
- Built over 1.5 million square miles of floorspace
- New train station built
- Library Renovated
- Office space built
- Retail area built
- Public Squares built
- City made more accessible
107
Gentrification -What?
When the status of an inner urban area which has become unfashionable and neglected is upgraded and the status is improved
108
Advantages of Gentrification
```
+Brings investment into the area
+Creates Housing and jobs
+Improves buildings
+More people want to move there
+House prices increases
+Crime rate declines (in theory)
```
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Disadvantages of Gentrification
- Homogenization chances increases
- Some locals are "Priced out" of the area and move
- Things cost more
- Can cause tension and conflict
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Reason why people are moving away from urban areas
- High crime rate
- Homogenization
- Pollution
- No jobs
- Over popular
- Can't afford to live there anymore
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Reason why people are moving to rural areas
- Low Crime rate
- Quiet
- Jobs
- Less polluted
- Cheap
- Has a unique identity
- Quiet
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Rural Area -What?
A rural area is an area of less than 10,000 people
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Counter-Urbanisation-What?
The movement of people from urban areas to smaller villages, leading to an increase in the proportion of people living in areas defined as rural
114
Suburbanised Village-What?
An expanding village which means the boundary between rural and urban areas in difficult to maintain
115
Differences between and Original Village and a Suburbanised Village-Housing
Original: Detached built houses with slate/thatched roofs with some farms
Suburbanised: Some luxury homes, cramped estates
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Differences between and Original Village and a Suburbanised Village-Inhabitants
Original: Farming and Primary jobs. Labouring/manual jobs
Suburbanised: People work in city, tertiary jobs, mostly commenters
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Differences between and Original Village and a Suburbanised Village-Transport
Original: Bus service, some cars. Narrow, winding roads
Suburbanised: Increased transport links, major roads, more cars and wider roads
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Differences between and Original Village and a Suburbanised Village-Services
Original: Village shop, small primary school, pub, village hall
Suburbanised: Brands might move in. Schools will expand, more restaurants and national brands
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Differences between and Original Village and a Suburbanised Village-Social
Original: Small, close knit community
Suburbanised: Larger community, not as close, Lose the village way of life during the day as it is deserted during the day
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Differences between and Original Village and a Suburbanised Village-Environment
Original: Quiet, relatively pollution free
Suburbanised: Loud, more polluted, more cars and a lack of green space
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Effects of Counter Urbanisation of Rural Areas-Social
- Population Growth
- Change in population structure
- Market towns revived
- Schools change
- Loss of shops
- Enhancement of village hall/community services
- Change in bus services
- Different types of housing built
- Social conflict
- Traffic Increase
- Change in medical facilities
122
Effects of Counter Urbanisation of Rural Areas-Economical
-House price rise
-Market towns revived
Loss of shops
-Gain of shops and services in key settlements
-Different types of housing built
-Barn Conversions
-Wider economic base-More employment
-Growth in industry
-Change in employment structure
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Effects of Counter Urbanisation of Rural Areas-Environmental
- Increased pressure on the countryside for recreation
- Increased flood potential
- Loss of farmland/greenland sites
- Increase on traffic
- Environmental pollution
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Effects of Counter Urbanisation of Rural Areas-Political
- Market towns revived
| - Activation of local councils and planning partnerships
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Case Study-Suburbanised Village- St Ives-Location
St Ives is located in Cambridgeshire and is 100km north of London. It is close to the A1 road and the main east coast railway line
126
Case Study-Suburbanised Village- St Ives-Reasons for Becoming Suburbanised
- House prices in London has risen
- Migration towards areas like St Ives
- Good transport links to London
- Cities are becoming polluted
- Moving away as parents down want their children growing up in polluted cities
127
Case Study-Suburbanised Village- St Ives-Positive Impacts
- House prices has risen
- Area has more shops
- Area has a younger population
128
Case Study-Suburbanised Village- St Ives-Negative Impacts
- Congestion is a big problem during rush hour
- Flood risk increased
- Increased risk of Homogenisation
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Valorisation-What?
The sustainable exploitation of a previously underused local resource so that it generates wealth and employment
130
Farm Diversification-What?
The setting up of new, sometimes non agricultural enterprises by farmers in order to increase farm incomes
131
Rural Rebranding-Methods
There are 4 main ways to rural rebrand:
- Promote rural tourism
- Adding value locally
- Rural technologies
- Farm Diversification
132
Local Distinctiveness-What?
The opposite of Homogenisation. The place has a unique look and feel to it
133
Characteristics of Local Distinctiveness
- Social Capital
- Physical Environment
- Human Capital
- Location
- Cultural Heritage
134
Social Capital-What?
The ability of local institutions and people to take action together at a local level
135
Physical Environment-What?
The landscape around the place
136
Human Capital-What?
Skills, Attitude and capacity for risk taking, leadership in the population of an area
137
Cultural Heritage-What?
Historic buildings, railways, local history and traditions, cuisine and festivals
138
Local Distinctiveness-Location
If the place is located in a specific place, it can be seen as an advantage eg: Remoteness may attract people who want tranquillity
139
Rural Rebranding Strategies
- Specialist Food Products
- Rural heritage and tourism
- Arts and Media projects
- On Farm tourism
- Rural Industries
- Developing Rural energy
- Organic Farming
- On Farm diversification
- Food towns and Markets
140
Rural Rebranding Case Study-Cornwall
In Cornwall, a number of projects have ben done to rebrand Cornwall:
- Extreme Sports Academy at Watergate Bay
- Use of Arts and Crafts
- The Broadband Revolution
- Jamie Oliver's 15 Restaurant
- Combined Universities in Cornwall project (CUC)
141
Rural Rebranding Case Study-Cornwall-Extreme Sports Academy at Watergate Bay
- Targets young people
- Allows people to Surf or Windsurf
- People might want to come back after doing this, which brings more money into economy
142
Rural Rebranding Case Study-Cornwall-Use of Arts and Crafts
Many projects and events use Arts and Craft to promote Cornwall:
- Du Maurier Festival in Fowey
- Tate St Ives
- Hall for Cornwall
- International Male Voice Choir Festival
143
Rural Rebranding Case Study-Cornwall-The Broadband Revolution
- Fibre broadband now reaches 95% if the UK
- Cornwall is investing money into the project
- The input of broadband makes Cornwall more connected to the rest of the country
144
Rural Rebranding Case Study-Cornwall-Jamie Oliver's 15 Restaurant
- This restaurant employs local people
| - Causes the Multiplier Effect in the local area
145
Rural Rebranding Case Study-Cornwall-Combined Universities in Cornwall project (CUC)
- Falmouth University and Exeter University have joined forces
- This project helps graduates set us businesses and secure jobs
