Urban Flashcards
(269 cards)
1
Q
Urbanisation -What?
A
The increase in the proportion of the population living in the world’s cities
2
Q
Urban Growth -What?
A
The increase in the total population of a town of city
3
Q
Urban Expansion -What?
A
The increase in size of geographical footprint of a city
4
Q
Urban Growth and Urbanisation -What’s the difference?
A
Urban Growth is a population increase, while urbanisation is a increase in the percentage of people living in urban areas
5
Q
Reasons for Moving to the City
A
There are two factors that influence people to move to a city:
- Push Factor
- Pull Factor
6
Q
Push Factor -What?
A
Factors that push people away from living in rural areas
7
Q
Push Factor -Examples
A
- Drought
- Long Hours, No pay
- No/Poor sanitation and services
- High unemployment rate
8
Q
Pull Factor -What?
A
Factors that pull people towards living in a city
9
Q
Pull Factor -Examples
A
- Employment Opportunities
- Sanitation
- Clean Water
- Better Services
- More Opportunities
- Better Quality of Life
10
Q
Why are Cities Important?
A
- Economic Production -Banks
- Exchange of Ideas and Critical Thinking -Universities
- Social and Cultural Centres
- Centres of Political Power and Decision Making
11
Q
Where is Urbanisation occurring the most?
A
In the past, urbanisation only occurred in the HIC countries. Now, it is occurring more in NIC and LIC countries. This is because these countries are developing and more people are moving to the cities
12
Q
Processes that Affect the Population of Cities
A
There are 4 processes that Affect the movement of people into and out of cities:
- Urbanisation
- Surbanisation
- Counter Urbanisation
- Urban Resurgence
13
Q
Surbanisation -What?
A
The Decentralisation of people, employment and services towards the edges of an urban area
14
Q
Counter Urbanisation -What?
A
Population movement from large areas to smaller urban areas and rural areas
15
Q
Urban Resurgence -What?
A
Population movement from rural areas back to urban areas
16
Q
Urban Resurgence -Case Study -Ubisoft,Montreal
A
Ubisoft decided to locate in an old textile factory in downtown Montreal. This moved its workers towards the City centre as they can easily reach Ubisoft, and be in reach of the cities leisure facilities
17
Q
Megacity -What?
A
A city with over 10 million inhabitants
18
Q
Megacities -1970’s
A
In the 1970’s, there were only 3 megacities in the world. New York City, Tokyo and Osaka.
19
Q
Megacities-1975-2000
A
In this period, LIC and NEE countries had the biggest increase in megacities. This is because they were becoming more developed and industrialised
20
Q
Megacities-2000-2015
A
In this period, LIC countries had the biggest increase in megacities. This is because of increasing industrialisation, urban migration and population increase
21
Q
Why was New York City the first Megacity?
A
- Trade -Has a port
- Migration- especially of Italian and Irish workers
22
Q
Megacity Case Study -Dhaka-Reasons for Growth
A
- 400,000 migrants to Dhaka a year
- Gets all the Investment
23
Q
Megacity Case Study -Dhaka-Opportunities
A
- “Better Life “
- Jobs
- Factories -TNC’s are attracted there
24
Q
Megacity Case Study -Dhaka-Challenges
A
- Traffic -Cost $2 Billion a year, and Creates Smog
- Slums and Shanty Towns
- Rubbish
- Pollution
- Sewage
- Water Shortages
25
Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Natural Increase
More people are born then die. This leads to a population increase
26
Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Push Factors and Pull Factors
An increase in a person's quality of life in the City, and reasons to leave a rural area can cause population increase, increasing the chances of creating a megacity
27
Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Capitals
Businesses and Industry are more likely to come into capital cities. This brings jobs, power and tourism
28
Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Ports and Trading Points
Cities become trade hubs, businesses and Industry enter. This brings jobs and migrants to the area
29
Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Colonial Influences
Influences of formal rulers. This brings good ties between countries, with the former ruler investing in the country so it develops
30
Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Economic Reasons
- Trade
- Jobs
- Industry
- Investment from TNC
31
Mega City Case Study-Shenzhen,China
Shenzhen has a special enterprise zone. This zone is tariff free, so it encourages businesses into the area
32
World City-What?
An interconnected global economic centre that has significant influence on the world economy
33
Difference between Mega City and World City?
A mega city only need 10 million people to become a mega city. A world city is based on the cities influence on the economy
34
Alpha City-What?
The most Interconnected cities
35
Alpha City-Examples
- New York City
- Buenos Aires
- London
36
Beta City-What?
The second most interconnected cities
37
Beta City-Examples
- Paris
- Tokyo
- Sydney
38
Gamma City-What?
The third most interconnected cities in the world
39
Gamma City-Examples
- Toronto
- Madrid
- Kuala Lumpur
40
World Cities and their important to the World's Economy-Production
TNC's decision making is made in World Cities, production of TNC goods are made in LIC countries
41
World Cities and their important to the World's Economy-Business ,Transport, Trade
- More Globalised World
| - TNC's locate in world cities and exploit the economic knock on effects
42
World Cities and their important to the World's Economy-Politics
- The Mayors of London (Khan) and New York City (de Blasio) promote their cities
- Policies to support growth, addressing crime and improving education and infrastructure
43
World Cities and their important to the World's Economy-Migration
- World Cites attract the most wealthy and qualified people
| - Take advantage of the globalised flows of information and communication
44
World Cities and their important to the World's Economy-Infrastructure and Education
- Pull the skilled and wealthy people to the city
| - Creation of links between cities creates international and domestic trade
45
World City-Case Study-Shanghai-Migration and Natural Increase
- Shanghai is experiencing a "Property Boom"
- 4 million migrant labourers
- More than 100,000 graduates per year from 60 Higher Education Institutes come to the city
- Overseas workers and students also come to the city
46
World City-Case Study-Shanghai-Production
- 20% of China's manufacturing occurs in Shanghai
- Line of production factories along the Yangtze River
- Cities support the export orientated economy of Shanghai
47
World City-Case Study-Shanghai-Politics
- Government is promoting Shanghai
- 1984-Shanghai was an Open City, this lead to huge investment
- 1990-Pudong New Zone was created-Turned an impoverished swampy farmland into China's financial and commercial centre
48
World City-Case Study-Shanghai-Business and Trade
- Hosted the 2010 world Expo
- 95 billion dollars invested
- Metro line built
- More offices built-Top of the range style
- 30% of China's exports come from Shanghai
- 25% of all foreign investment goes to Shanghai
- More Shops and Restaurants
- Export orientated city
- Continued growth, other cites lose out
49
Growth of Bangalore Case Study-Causes
- Investment of city
- Software development firms
- Call Centres- 1 million are employed there
- Large IT companies are based in Bangalore
- Every bank has offices in Bangalore
- Many highly skilled graduates
- 1st Indian City to get Electricity
- 1980-Special Economic Zone set up-Investment into area
- Temperate Climate
50
Growth of Bangalore Case Study-Social and Economic Impacts
- Other areas of city are not invested in-Deprivation
- Top of the range houses are for international C.E.O's
- Housing prices has increased
- People are coming into contact with western culture-Creates conflict with traditional family
- Rising Middle Class
- Prices are Increasing-People are "Priced Out"
- Water and Power Shortages
- Women are "Westernised"-More freedom
51
Growth of Bangalore Case Study-Environmental Impacts
- In 1924-100 Lakes were in Bangalore, in 1985, that figure has been halved
- City has massively expanded
- Lakes are filled in for development
- Lakes are a dumping ground for waste
- Only 17 health lakes are left
- 80% of water comes from rivers and reservoirs
- In the middle Class, you collect own water, and buy it from a tank
- In poor end, no direct connect to water supply-1000 people to 1 tank of water
- Habitat loss due to creation of reservoirs
- Demand is higher than supply of water
- 3 Million vehicles cause pollution and smog-Cheap Cars
- Bad air Quality
52
Growth of Bangalore Case Study-Management Techniques
- Low Taxes-Less money to spend
- Companies provide transport to work for workers
- Motorway built to reduce congestion and provide link
- Public-Private Partnership
- New Airport built
- New Metro system built
- Strict emission standards on all cars
- Businesses are being decentralised
- Getting highly skilled people in and moving call centres out of Bangalore
53
Urban Form-What?
The physical characteristics that make built up areas, including the shape, size, density and configuration of settlements. It can be considered on different scales. Regional, Urban Neighbourhood, Block and Street
54
Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Urban Sprawl
Urban expansion with insufficient urban infrastructure such as streets and parks
55
Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Peripheral Growth
Development of new growth poles and dispersed settlements
56
Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Edge Cities
Surrounded by retail, leisure, industrial and business parks, warehouses, offices and ring roads
57
Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-High Density Living and Intensification of Urban Centres
High rise apartment buildings
58
Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Residential Differences
Different groups live apart from each other, poorest live in inadequate buildings
59
Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Redevelopment and Conservation
Protection of historic cores, redevelopment of former industrial sites
60
Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Infrastructure
Ageing infrastructure likely to dominate with some areas poorly served
61
Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Transit Orientated Developments
Urban areas built around transport links
62
Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Can Dominate Urban Form
Low density housing on the edge of cities and in more rural locations, making edge city leisure more accessible
63
Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Environmental Problems
Increased pollution levels, health and waste concerns
64
Factors the Influence Urban Form over Time and Space-Physical
- Physical Environment
| - Space in the city-Can be spread out like in Los Angeles, or have to build up rather than out like in Manhattan
65
Factors the Influence Urban Form over Time and Space-Human
- Population
- Migration
- Sewage system and Treatment
- Economy of area
- Technology
- Governmental Policies
66
Urban Form-Case Study-Hong Kong
- Public Transport Oriented City
- Commercial and Residential areas close together
- Many railway lines along main roads and near businesses
- Green Spaces in suburbs
67
Urban Form-Case Study-Bath
- Pre Industrial City
- Historical Core-High Value land
- Located by River Avon
- Can't expand East due to River
- Newly built houses and estates built around historical core
68
Urban Form-Case Study-Nairobi
- African City
- CBD in Middle
- Rapid urban growth
- Can be unplanned and chaotic-Lack of resources
- HQ's of TNC's
- Older industrial areas near transport links
- Newer Middle Class housing on fringe served by road network
- Built in with the natural environment
69
Urban Form-Case Study-Prague
- Socialist City
- Similar Houses for everyone
- Houses located near services-Walking encouraged
- Plaza's used for Rallies
- Centre was a political centre rather than a commercial one
- Micro Neighbourhoods with local services-All houses are Identical
70
Deindustrialisation-What?
The long term decline of industry leading to significant social and economic changes
71
Why does Deindustrialisation Occur?
- Foreign products were cheaper in shops
- Too expensive to make in UK
- Reduced need for labour as Machines now do the job
- Reduced Demand
- Outsourcing
72
Deindustrialisation-Impacts-Economic
- Job losses
- Businesses close
- Loss of tax income
- Increase in the need for state benefits
- Loss of income in service sector
- Decline in property prices
- Lead to Negative Multiplier Effect
73
Deindustrialisation-Impacts-Social
- Increase in Unemployment
- High levels of deprivation
- Out migration of the skilled population
- High crime rates
- Loss of confidence and morale in local population
74
Deindustrialisation-Impacts-Environmental
- Derelict land and buildings
- Long term pollution
- Deteriorating Infrastructure
- Reduced maintenance of local houses-Causes by less taxes being paid
- Reduction in noise, water and land pollution
- Reduction of congestion on roads
75
Decentralisation-What?
Businesses moving to the suburbs and rural urban fringe of cities
76
Retail Parks-Positives
```
+Cheaper
+More Space
+Good Transport Links
+Jobs are created
+Convenient for those who live in suburbs
+Congestion reduces in cities
```
77
Retail Parks-Negatives
- Built on habitats
- Loss of agricultural land
- Land cost increases
- City centres become run-down
- Congestion moves to retail park area
78
The Service Economy-What?
The workers provide a service to someone. Examples : Teachers, Doctors, Fire-fighters, Electricians etc.
79
Reasons for the Rise of the Service Economy-Growth in Corporate HQ's
TNC's have their main offices in HIC's and need staff to run them
80
Reasons for the Rise of the Service Economy-Rise in the Knowledge Economy
Businesses need supporting services such as financial and legal teams
81
Reasons for the Rise of the Service Economy-R&D
There is an increase in Research and Development
82
Reasons for the Rise of the Service Economy-Leisure Time
An increase in leisure time means more demand for leisure services
83
Reasons for the Rise of the Service Economy-Property Development and Redevelopment
Property development and the redevelopment of former industrial land needs services such as estate agents, architects, electricians etc.
84
Case Study-Cambridge Science Park-Kind of Businesses
The majority of companies located in the park are medicinal based
85
Case Study-Cambridge Science Park-Economical Reasons
- Best graduates will work there
| - Has good transport links to and from London via the M11
86
Case Study-Cambridge Science Park-Social Reasons
- People become employed with well paid jobs
| - Workers live nearby
87
Case Study-Los Angeles-Land Use
- Grew out to the Gold Rush in the 19th Century
- Middle class workers moved to escape the industrial cities of the East
- Has Modern Urban Sprawl
- Greater Los Angles consists of 88 cities
- Largely made up of low density housing
88
Case Study-Los Angeles-Economic Inequality
- "Donut City"
- Downtown in dominated by TNC's that offer few opportunities to the low skilled population
- Many companies have moved to suburbs of L.A, or to edge cities like Anaheim
89
Case Study-Los Angeles-Cultural Diversity
- Mexican Hispanics are the largest group
- City has distinct ethic zones- Chinatown and Little Italy
- African Americans dominate South Central and Watts Districts-They are deprived
90
Case Study-Mumbai-Land Use
- Founded on 7 islands-Land was drained
- Skyscrapers dominate the CBD
- High tech industries have moved in to take advantage of the highly skilled population
- Luxury area called Malabar Hills
- Around half of the city live on the streets or in shanty towns such as Dharavi
91
Case Study-Mumbai-Economic Inequality
- Large amount live in poverty
- Growth in unsustainable
- Lots of foreign investment
- Low taxes and large informal economy does not provide the funds for the city to develop
- 5 million have no access to clean water
- Several thousand die a year from road and rail accidents
92
Case Study-Mumbai-Cultural Diversity
- Mumbai receives 1000 new migrants a day
- Several languages are spoken
- Many faiths are practised in the city
- Many festivals occur in the city
93
New Urban Landscapes-Town Centre Mixed Used Development
- A blend of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional and industry which are physically and functionally interconnected
- Can be easily accessed safely by pedestrians
94
New Urban Landscapes-Cultural and Heritage Quarters
A cultural quarter can encourage growth and revitalise the local economy in the arts and creative industries
95
New Urban Landscapes-Cultural and Heritage Quarters-Case Study-Cardiff Bay
- The DR Who experience and the Welsh Assembly are located in Cardiff Bay
- Completed in 1999 a 2km squared Freshwater Lake with 13 KM of waterfront stimulates new commercial, tourist and leisure developments
96
New Urban Landscapes-Fortress Development
- A development with strong boundaries and increases the polarisation of society
- Do not encourage social mixing as only wealthy group will tend to live in the same defended spaces
97
New Urban Landscapes-Fortress Development-Case Study-South Africa
- Crime rate is high and people are anxious
- Caused a growing number of middle class people to live in gated communities and to use privately armed security companies
98
New Urban Landscapes-Gentrified Area
-This is an area that has been gentrified
99
New Urban Landscapes-Gentrified Area-Case Study-Oxford
- Oxford is one of the least affordable cities in the UK
- Area has been gentrified, this increased the wealth gap
- Oxford City Council has responded by investing in schemes that bring people together, like Community Centres
100
New Urban Landscapes-Edge Cities
- Some Geographers believe that due to suburbanisation that the suburbs have become centres with city like quarters
- "Edge Cities" are characterised by Mixed office, residential and leisure spaces and tend to be located in the outer suburbs bear to motorway or main road junctions
101
New Urban Landscapes-Edge Cities-Case Study-Bunkers Hill, Lincoln
- Bunkers Hill is a mixed use site of modern development
| - It has 500 estate houses, a numerous services that would typically be found in any town
102
Multiculturalism-What?
A society that recognises values and promotes the contributions of diverse cultural heritages
103
Issues with Multiculturalism-Economic-Positives
+Meet labour shortages in the services and manufacturing section
+Do jobs locals do not want to do
104
Issues with Multiculturalism-Economic-Negatives
- Can cause resentment and racial intolerance during recession
- Leakage of economy
- Creates "Us" vs. "Them" mentality
105
Issues with Multiculturalism-Housing-Positives
+Multiple occupancy in poor areas-living and working together
106
Issues with Multiculturalism-Housing-Negatives
- Illegal Squatting
- Not successful in getting a mortgage
- Live in poor areas
107
Issues with Multiculturalism-Education-Positives
+Ethnic minorities have higher aspirations than locals-Better results
108
Issues with Multiculturalism-Education-Negatives
- Schools become dominated by one ethic group
| - Additional English lessons/religious provision may be required
109
Issues with Multiculturalism-Health-Positives
+Can work in health sector
110
Issues with Multiculturalism-Health-Negatives
-Poor levels of healthcare on minority areas due to poor quality of environment
111
Issues with Multiculturalism-Religion-Positives
+Society is enriched by new religions
| +Understand new viewpoints
112
Issues with Multiculturalism-Religion-Negatives
- Friction-Migrant follow their own calendar
| - Misunderstanding of religion can cause conflict
113
Issues with Multiculturalism-Gender-Positives
+Women get more opportunities
114
Issues with Multiculturalism-Gender-Negatives
-Women can be disadvantaged as their cultural norms are different to the ones of the host country
115
Issues with Multiculturalism-Culture ,Food, Music and Sport-Positives
+Sport can bring people together and help integrate people
| +Gain a knowledge of new foods
116
Issues with Multiculturalism-Culture ,Food, Music and Sport-Negatives
-At risk of losing own culture
117
Issues with Multiculturalism-Language-Positives
+Gain awareness of new languages
118
Issues with Multiculturalism-Language-Negatives
-Act as a barrier to full integration-Prevents opportunities in life
119
Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Ethnically Mixed City-Positives
+Separation of religious groups has decreased
120
Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Ethnically Mixed City-Negatives
-Ethic minority groups has grown-Less natives in area
121
Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Housing-Positives
+The Sudeh Lok Housing Group is a social housing provider that builds affordable new homes
122
Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Housing-Negatives
-High density Victorian Housing and Post-War Council housing-Both in need in a redevelopment
123
Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Education-Positives
+1 in 3 schools are faith schools
124
Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Education-Negatives
-Faith schools can increase separation and radicalisation
125
Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Language-Positives
+Gujarati, Punjabi and Urdu spoken as well as English
126
Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Language-Negatives
-Challenge for local government as many different languages are spoken
127
Urban Boundary Layer-What?
The edge of the Urban microclimate
128
Urban Plume-What?
The microclimate moves into the rural area as well as the city
129
Characteristics of Urban Microclimates
Urban Microclimates has distinctive:
- Temperature Ranges
- Precipitation generation and patterns
- Relative Humidity
- Wind speeds, Turbulences and Eddies
- Reduced Visibility
130
The Urban Climate Dome
The prevailing wind moves the hot air from the rural areas into the urban areas. This causes an urban plume to develop as well. Anything below the top of the buildings forms the Urban Canopy Levels, which is the hottest area. All of this occurs in the Urban Boundary Layer
131
Urban Microclimate-Case Study-London Walkie Talkie Building
- Due to a curved structure at the top, the building acted as a magnifying glass for the sun
- It was curved to maximise rent
- The reflected sunlight than burned a car[et, and damaged the plastic parts of a parked Jaguar (The Car Brand, not the animal)
132
Urban Heat Island-What?
A significantly hotter urban area around a cooler rural area
133
Urban Heat Island-Causes
- Steel glass reflects heat
- Re-Radiated Sunlight
- Tarmac
- Dark roof tops
- Destruction of Trees
- Absorbed heat is released at night
134
Urban Heat Island-Impacts
- Heat Stroke/Death
- Less Evapotranspiration due to less vegetation
- Heavier and more frequent thunderstorms
135
Urban Heat Island-Solutions
- White Roofs
- Rooftop Gardens
- No destruction of Trees
136
Why does it rain more in Urban Areas?-The Urban Heat Island
The Urban Heat Island Causes Hot air to rise and water vapour to evaporate. The vapour condenses to form clouds with water droplets in them. This leads to rain
137
Why does it rain more in Urban Areas?-Pollution
Air pollution causes more condensation nuclei, which is helpful for clouds to develop. This causes more rain
138
Why does it rain more in Urban Areas?-Wind
Wind blows condensation nuclei upwards
139
Fog in Urban Areas
This is a lot of fog in urban areas due to pollution. This is caused by the presence of condensation nuclei during cooler overnight temperatures. These can't evaporate due to high pressure, so it remains in the city, causing fog
140
Thunderstorms in Urban Areas
Hot, humid air can rise higher into the atmosphere, due to heat. The air cools and condenses rapidly, forming water droplets, hail and ice, which change the thunderclouds and discharges as lightning
141
Wind in Urban Areas
Urban structures interfere with the wind. Buildings create friction which slows down the wind. Urban areas have slower wind speed
142
Urban Canyons-What?
Relatively narrow streets bordered by high rise buildings funnelling and so concentrating winds
143
Venturi Effect-What?
A particularly violent form of gusting caused in particular narrow gaps by rushing to replace low pressure vortices beyond structures
144
Causes of Air Pollution in Cities
- Factories
- Cars (Particularly Heavy Vehicles)
- Airports and Planes
- Power Stations
- Log Burners/Fires
145
Problems caused by Air Pollution in Cities
- Carbon Monoxide causes heart problems, headaches and tiredness
- Enhances the Greenhouse Effect
- Haze
- Respiratory Problems
- Acid Rain
146
Smog-What?
A mixture of smoke and fog produced by factory and domestic emissions which provide hygroscopic nuclei for condensation to occur onto
147
Smog-How it Forms
In the winter, cooler moist air is trapped under warm air. This air descends and settles on the floor, where it mixes with the pollution of the city, to form smog
148
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities
There are many ways to reduce pollution in cities:
- Legislation
- Vehicle Regulation
- Technical Innovation
- Public Transport
- Homes
- Energy
149
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Legislation-Description
- Clean Air acts
- Monitoring and Observing
- Fining those who over-pollute
- Effective warning systems
150
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Legislation-Advantages
-Reduces the health risks and their impacts
151
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Legislation-Disadvantages
-Not stopping pollution or providing a solution to the problem
152
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Vehicle Regulation-Description
- Reducing the number of vehicles
- Congestion Charge/Park and Ride Scheme
- Pedestrianisation as seen in Zermatt in Switzerland
153
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Vehicle Regulation-Advantages
- Reduces Carbon Dioxide Levels
- Has long-term benefits
- Methods are Effective
154
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Vehicle Regulation-Disadvantages
- Moves cars to other places-Doesn't stop the problem
| - Logistical Problems for shops
155
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Technical Innovation-Description
- Catalytic Convertors
- Filters on Factories
- "Plug in Hybrids" and Fully Electric Cars
156
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Technical Innovation-Advantages
- Reduces Carbon Dioxide Levels
| - Effective Methods
157
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Technical Innovation-Disadvantages
- Partly reduces carbon dioxide levels-Hybrids are part fuel
| - Factories might increase prices
158
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Public Transport-Description
- Moves large number of people
- No congestion on roads
- Bike/Car Sharing/Walking Schemes are used
159
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Public Transport-Advantages
- Less cars on road
| - Reduces Carbon Dioxide Levels
160
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Public Transport-Disadvantages
-People cannot be 100% dependent on it
161
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Homes-Description
- Zero Energy Homes
- Solar Panels
- Double Glazing
- Runs on renewable energy
- BEDZED
162
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Homes-Advantages
- Uses renewable energy
| - No pollution
163
Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Energy-Description
- Renewable energy sources
- Clean Sources of energy
- Gas Filed Power Stations
164
Air Pollution-Case Study-Beijing-Causes
-5 million cars producing 900000 tons of emissions and 86% of all Carbon Monoxide in Beijing, 55% of all Nitrous Oxide and 30% of all small particles
165
Air Pollution-Case Study-Beijing-Impacts
- Smog is created
- Air quality is reduced
- Contributes to climate change
- Causes Respiratory Problems
- Health Issues
166
Air Pollution-Case Study-Beijing-Methods to Tackle it-Cars
- Cars that end in an odd number drive one day, even number the next day
- Restricting vehicle use between 8:00pm and 7:00am-Not successful
- Vehicle quotas
- Licence plates and emissions are recorded and compared to the required level
167
Air Pollution-Case Study-Beijing-Methods to Tackle it-Green Energy
- Promoting electric vehicles and producing cleaner fuel
- "Green" Cars gave tax breaks with makes them more affordable
- 18% of new car park spaces must be for electric cars
168
Air Pollution-Case Study-Beijing-Methods to Tackle it-New Environmental Laws
- New Law was introduces which can fine polluters
- Encouragement of the building of clean energy power stations
- Investment in Solar Power Plants
169
Impacts of Urbanisation on the Drainage Basin
- Urban rivers are primary the exit for water transferred through the drainage basin. Dredging, Embanking and Channelizing will increase storage capacity
- Reservoirs, lakes and swimming pools are permanent stores of water
- Inception is reduced-Vegetation is replaced with impermeable surfaces
- Less soil storage as urban development reduces exposed surfaces and vegetation
170
Vegetation, Surfaces and Runoff-Rural Areas
- 10% runoff
- 25% shallow infiltration
- 25% Deep infiltration
- 40% evapotranspiration
- Not likely to flood
171
Vegetation, Surfaces and Runoff-Suburban Areas
- 35% to 50% impermeable surface causes:
- 30% Runoff
- 20% shallow infiltration
- 15% deep infiltration
- 35% evapotranspiration
- Medium chance of flooding
172
Vegetation, Surfaces and Runoff-Central Urban
- 75% to 100% impermeable surface causes:
- 55% Runoff
- 10% Shallow infiltration
- 5% deep infiltration
- 30% evapotranspiration
- High Chance of Flooding
173
Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Aims
- Showcase practical and innovative sustainable water management techniques within new residential developments
- Demonstrate that SuDs are a viable and attractive to more traditional forms of drainage to deliver practical solutions for new housing areas
174
SuDS-What?
SuDs stands for Sustainable Drainage Systems
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Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-What's Used -Green Roofs
Reduces and treats runoff water
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Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Basin
- In open spaces
- Slows down runoff rate
- Stored water on a short term basis during floods
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Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Permable Surfaces
Allows water to enter porous zones and filter out pollutants
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Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Pond
A final storage of water before being released into drainage ditch beyond the site
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Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Swale
Collect excess water from the site, slowing the flow of water and continuing the water treatment process
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Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Advantages
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+Cost Effective
+Improves Biodiversity
+Improves Quality of Life
+Swales and Basins have made a attractive landscape
+Improves Quality of Water
+Less heavy metals in Lamb Grove
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Drainage Management -Hard Engineering -River Straightening
Meanders are cut to create a straight channel
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Drainage Management -Hard Engineering -Natural Levees
These can be made higher and increasing capacity -Less flood risk
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Drainage Management -Hard Engineering -Flood Relief Channels
These emergency channels are controlled by gates and are used high flow levels increase the flood risk -Decrease flood risk
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Drainage Management -Hard Engineering -River Channelisation
Straighten channels are aligned with concrete -Prevents River banks collapse
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Drainage Management -Soft Engineering-Afforestation
Trees increase interception and reduce runoff into the rivers
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Drainage Management -Soft Engineering-Riverbank Conservation
Planting bushes and trees prevent riverbank collapse
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Drainage Management -Soft Engineering-Floodplain Zoneing
Restricts different land uses to certain locations along the floodplain
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Drainage Management -Soft Engineering-River Restoration
Returning the channel to its natural course
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SuDs-Techniques Used
- Swales
- Permeable road and pavement surfaces
- Infiltration Trenches
- Basins
- Rain Gardens
- Green Roofs
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SuDs-Benefits
- Slows down speed of runoff
- Reduces flood risk
- Prevents water pollution
- Recharges groundwater to prevents droughts
- Provides habitats
- Creates green spac
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River Restoration -Case Study -River Skerne -What did they do?
- The water was polluted due to factories
| - Softreventments used to create a wetland and restored the natural environment
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River Restoration -Case Study -River Skerne -Benefits
+Maintain drainage and managing flood risk
+Improves the areas appearance
+Encourages Investment to the area
+Provides Educational and leisure opportunities
+Maintain Biodiversity of area
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Types of Urban Waste -Domestic
Any waste from the home
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Types of Urban Waste -Municipal
Waste from municipal activities
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Types of Urban Waste -commercial
Waste from businesses
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Types of Urban Waste -institution
Waste from hospitals and schools
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Types of Urban Waste -bulky
White Goods
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Types of Urban Waste -Construction and Destruction
Earth,Stones,Debris
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Types of Urban Waste -other
- Animal
- vegetable
- Ashes
- Street Sweeping
- industrial
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Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Biodegradable
Food and kitchen waste
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Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Recyclable
Materials like paper and cardboard
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Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Insert Waste
Construction and demolition debris
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Types of Municipal Solid Waste -electrical
Waste from electrical products
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Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Composite
Waste Clothing and Drinks Carton
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Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Hazardous
Paints and chemicals
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Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Toxic
Pesticides
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Types of Municipal Solid Waste -biomedical
Expired prescription drugs
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Issues with Urban Waste
- Can become putrid
- Requires specialist disposal
- Can become a treat to health of not collected
- Overfilled Landfill Sites
- Many different types
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Waste Stream -What?
A complete flow of waste from domestic or industrial areas through to final disposal
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Issues associated with Waste Stream
- Loss of recyclable resources
- Loss of potential resources
- Contamination of land and water bodies
- Air Pollution
- Risks to human health
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Global Waste Trade -Case Study -Gujyu -Statistics
- 80% of E waste is exported to Asian countries
| - E waste contains 6% lead-Very hazardous
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Global Waste Trade -Case Study -Gujyu -social issues
- Respiratory problems
- Water is brought in by others -Costs money
- Low paid,dangerous jobs
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Global Waste Trade -Case Study -Gujyu -economical problems
- Jobs are created-Very dangerous conditions
| - Was a rice centred area-Loss of tradition
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Global Waste Trade -Case Study -Gujyu -Environmental problems
- Water Pollution
- Toxins released into atmosphere
- Parts are left by the road-Land pollution
- large amount of heavy metal in land and soil
- Acid Spils -Polluted Water
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Landfills - Pros
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+Makes good use of abandoned quarries
+Easily managed
+Methane Can be vented and used as fuel
+Once filled -Can become recreational area
+Cost effective
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Landfills -Cons
- Attracts vermin
- Becomes litter when wind blown
- Produces methane
- Smell is unpleasant
- Traffic near site-Pollution
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Incineration -Pros
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+Produces energy for burning MSW
+Valuable resources created
+Requires Less space than landfill site
+Cosy Effective
+Safe way to dipose waste
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Incineration -Cons
- Some emissions need to be managed
- Produces Carbon Dioxide
- Not all MSW is combustible
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Recycling -Pros
+Doorstep collection
+All in one bin
+Organic waste becomes compost
+Less landfill sites
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Recycling -Cons
- Expensive plants
- Inconvenient separation of waste
- electronic waste contains toxic chemicals-Increases pollution risk
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Green Capital -Bristol -Case Study -Plans
- To reduce the amount of waste per household by 15%
- To reduce the amount of MSW sent to landfills
- Increasing waste recycling to 50%
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Green Capital -Bristol -Case Study-what they have done
- Specialised Kerbside collection of recyclable waste
- Recycling education in schools
- Set targets for waste management
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Sources of Water Pollution
- Domestic waste from homes
- Effluent from industry
- Lechates fron illegal dumping and poorly managed landfills
- Rainwater Runoff
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Issues with Water Pollution
- Health Risks
- Effluent contains groundwater
- Urban runoff contains heavy metals
- Lechates are toxic
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Types of Water Collection-Surface Water Drainage
Collects runoff from roads and discharges it direct to local waters
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Types of Water Collection-Combined Sewage
Collects runoff from domestic, industrial and commercial premises
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Types of Water Collection-Foul Drainage
Collects domestic waste water from premises
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Stages of Sewage Treatment-Preliminary Treatment
Removed grit,gravel and screen large solids
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Stages of Sewage Treatment-Primary Treatment
Settles larger suspended,generally organic matter
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Stages of Sewage Treatment-Secondary Treatment
Biological breaking down and reduces residual organic matter under controlled conditions
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Stages of Sewage Treatment-Tertiary Treatment
Tailored to address specialisepollutants using different treatment processes
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Issues with chemicals dissolved in water
- Nitrates causes eutrophication
| - Ammonia Damages Freshwater Fisheries
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Effulent -What?
With pollutantsnts in i it
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Advantages of Using Brownfield Sites
+Easy to get planning permission
+Cheaper
+Stops Urban Expansion
+Close to CBD
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Disadvantages of using Brownfield Sites
- Has to be renovated before using land
- Less green spaces
- limited choice
- Expensive to buy
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Ecological Footprint -What?
An individuals impact on the Earth
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Zero Energy Building -What?
A building with 0 net energy consumption and 0 carbon emissions annually
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Carbon Neutral -What?
Lifestyle does not add to carbon levels
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Case Study -BEDZED -Social
- Community Based
| - People live and work together
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Case Study -BEDZED -environmental
- Emissions cut by 56%
- Water use reduced by 50%
- Recycling scheme
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Case Study -BEDZED -economical
- Jobs
- Money Saved
- Cheap Homes
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Case Study -BEDZED -reducing Carbon Dioxide
- Electric Car Share
- Energy Efficentt appliances
- Thick WallsWalls
- South Facing Conservatory-natural light
- Public Transport Links Links
- Wind powered Air conditioning
- Solar Pannels
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Case Study -BEDZED -reducing Water
- Water absorbing material on roofs
- reuse water
- Low flush toilets
- Waterer meter at eye level
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Case Study -BEDZED -good Community
- Eat together
- Everyone works together
- Shared resources
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Case Study -Curitiba -Acessable Resources
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-Museum
+Transport Links
-University
-Residents only spend 10% on transport fares
-Kids paint in mall
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Case Study -Curitiba -public transport as a alternative
- Quick and Cheap
- Bus only lanes
- Color coded system
- Integrated transport system
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Case Study -Curitiba -public transport is safe and reliable
1 fee for all journey, even if changing bus
- 4000 passengers a day
- Diartiulated buses
- no congestion due to bus only lanes
- Tube bus stops, pay before you get on bus
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Case Study -Curitiba -safe walking
- Mall is pedestrian friendly
| - Encourages families
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Case Study -Curitiba -Green Spaces
- Lots of green space
- Factories became sport facilities
- River banks become parks
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Case Study -Curitiba -renewable resources
-Recycling plant made of recyclable resources
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Case Study -Curitiba -Recycling
- First city in the world to do city wide recycling
| - 2/3 of all garbage is recycled
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Case Study -Curitiba -affordable housing
- Low income housing
- Slim like areas
- "Pre Favelas "
- Skyscrapers develops pay for affordable housing
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Case Study -Curitiba -Community Links
- Immigrants and disabled work in recycling plant
| - The Green Exchange -Residents exchange recyclable goods for food
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Case Study -Curitiba -Investment of CBD
-Mall was pedestrianised in 72 hours -Army used tanks to block the area
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Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Physical Features
- Rainforests
- Beaches
- Climate
- Mountains
- Largest City in Brazil
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Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Human Features
- Favelas
- Christ the Redeemer
- 16 million people
- carnival
- Maracaña stadium
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Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Housing,Health and Services-Problems
- 100,000 migrants arrive per year -Lack of housing
- 1/3 have no access to sewers and electricity
- diseases
- High Infant Mortality
- Life expectancy is around 50
- Sewage in Streets
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Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Housing,Health and Services-Solutions
- The Favela Bairro Project-Integrated 250,000 residents into 140 neighbourhoods
- Houses in Rocinha provided with basic sanitation
- secured hillside -Prevents Landslides
- Health education
- Paved and formally named roads
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Case Study -Rio De Janiero-unemployment and Crime-Problems
- 20% unemployment
- Black market is dominant
- Poorest 50% earn 13% of Rio's income
- Corruption
- Favelas are controlled by gangs
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Case Study -Rio De Janiero-unemployment and Crime-solutions
- Police in Favelas -Reduces crime
- Took out Kingpins
- Heavily Fortified Tanks
- Encourages traditional industries
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Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Congestion and pollution -Problems
- 4 million cars on roads a day
- Raw sweage
- Industrial Effluent
- Oil and Landfill lechates in Guanabara Bay
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Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Congestion and pollution -solutions
- Cable Car network
- Ethanol Petrol blend of fuel
- Highway built -Reduces congestion
- Metro System extended
- Tighter Environmental restrictions
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Case Study -Olympic Park,London -Social Challenges
-Many school dropouts
-Young and diverse area
-High proportion of single parents
-Overcrowded houses
-Lack of houses
41% are under 24 Years old
-Lack of affordable housing
-Low life expectancy
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Case Study -Olympic Park,London -economical Challenges
- Lack of jobs
- High unemployment
- 2nd poorest brough in London
- Businesses closed
- Relocation
- Jobs for skilled workers in IT industry
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Case Study -Olympic Park,London -environmental challenges
- Contaminated brownfield sites
| - Illegal Dumping of Toxic waste
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Case Study -Olympic Park,London -what was built
- Olympic Park
- Shopping centre
- Media Centre
- Aquatic Centre
- BMX Park
- Eurostar Station -Connects to Europe
- Media Centre -Became office space
- Olympic Village -Some become affordable housing
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Case Study -Olympic Park,London -Social Improvements
- Quality of Life improved
- New construction college near Olympic Site
- Clays Lane was demolished to build Olympic Village -Forced relocation of locals, some in other areas
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Case Study -Olympic Park,London-Economic Improvements
- Businesses had to relocate -Given financial help
- Increase of jobs
- price of land increased
- Jobs for the next generation-not locals
- 380 companies had to relocate
- Jobs for the future, not now
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Case Study -Olympic Park,London environmental improvements
- Regenerated brownfield sites
- More green space
- Electricity pylons tourn down
- Wildlife was moved before regeneration
- Toxic soil was cleaned and returned to sitesite
- 95% renewable materials used
- 4000 trees planted
- Waterside park created
- 3000tonnes of rubbish cleared up
