Changing spaces Flashcards
CASE STUDY: Northwood-California
49,000 people live there
residents are financially well-off- 2018 median income was $113,603 a year,
good employment access bc of the University of California as well as well established high tech companies like Blizzard entertainment. Many TNCs have headquarters there
healthcare is excellent and pollution is low and has best achieving schools, many residents have first degrees or masters/doctorates
safer than 67% of communities in california
half are white and second largest group are asian, mainly from vietnam
91% own their home and 2/3 lives there more than ten years, average household size is 2.8
CASE STUDY: Jembatan Besi-Indonesia
Jakarta- capital city with population of 10.6m, over a quarter of the inhabitants live in slum settlements
hemmed in from built up areas and river with 31,000 residents and is very densely populated, mix of migrants and long term
people live there bc demand for affordable housing exceeds supply, gov and private sector cant cope with increasing population
average income is $4 a day and employment is insecure w most residents only doing unskilled and casual labour, selling food or second hand goods from waste tips is common, jobs in formal sector still insecure
health is major concern w sanitation hardly existing, few homes have a toilet and toilets in slum are poorly built and flush out into open sewers in the street, no clean running water, groundwater available but polluted bc built on waste tip, epidemics of water diseases common
air pollution high due to use of kerosene for cooking and high emissions from city
schools are poorly equipped and many young women go straight to garment industry
housing poor with constant risk of fires, overcrowding and is very makeshift, made out of scrap material
CASE STUDY: Birmingham, medieval to 1950s
1.1m residents
1086-poor agriculture
12th century- Bermingham family got royal charter and started market at manor house, player establishing it as a trade place
16th century- small scale industries due to coal seam close to surface, provided raw materials for metal working industry
1700s- pop grown to 15,000 and migrated from rural to here for work, product of industrial revolution. Industrial factories established by players making it a manufacturing hub, Matthew Boutlon- set up first factory in world called ‘soho manufactory’ employing 700
1800s- canals made which helped carry goods and raw materials, bank and legal firms grew to protect assets- Lloyds bank founded in mid 19th century
Other players had positive impact on lives like Cadbury family who built bournville factory there on rural urban fringe and built model village for employees w good housing and facilities and good wages
1900s- pop 500,000, car manufacturing grew, Austin car plant opened and mini cooper made there, had 22k employees at peak. Dunlop tyre factory made employing 10k. Pop grew w terraced housing built near factories for workers, transport improved like trams and buses so people could move for work and urban area expanded
inner city was slum like and industry caused polluted canals and air pollution.
CASE STUDY: Post war Birmingham
1982- unemployment grew from 1% to 19%, metal manufacturing went from 22% to 12%, major manufacturing decline
signif economic changes in Birmingham caused by interaction of different players:
1973- Arab Israeli war, many western states supported israel, Arab responded w OPEC (organisation of petroleum exporting countries) which was made of largely arab states, used oil as weapon and banned supply of it to western countries, very powerful player in what would happen to Birmingham, led to 1973 oil crisis where prices rose loads- 3$ a barrel to 12$, meant petrol and energy prices increased, manufacturing hit hard as relied on cheap energy especially cars as they had competition from foreign tncs, as declined lots of strikes by trade unions, grants and tax breaks from central gov (key player) helped attract tncs to deprived areas for them to set up foreign car making however none ended up in Birmingham so declined even further
council cleared slums as part of comprehensive redevelopment programme but had to get rid of small and medium enterprises that B had become famous for and could not afford rent on new premises
Housing change: lost 5000 houses in ww2, lots of houses substandard, 400 tower blocks built in 50s and 60s, not all high rise flats but better conditions than the slums, led to redistribution of people, people were moved out to housing estates on rural urban fringe and moved to new towns, economy became service based and had flows of commuters from suburbs into centre, local and national gov set up green belt to stop urban sprawl- areas close to belt w good transport links saw land value increase
Demographic change: international migration to B after ww2 from caribbean and south asia, clustered in areas of cheap housing that had good access to jobs, growing service sector had opps for migrants in a range of low skilled jobs, altered built environment through brining culture and beliefs, new services due to influx of migrants like money transfer centres so migrants can send remittances, Balti triangle- high conc of indian and other ethnic restaurants that were set up by immigrants
youthful population compared to uk and england as a whole
CASE STUDY: Recent regeneration in Birmingham
8% unemployed in 2020, gone from manufacturing to services, losses in car manufacturing but big gains in finance tourism and leisure
Role of Government: since 70s the gov has tried to diversify the economy of B- centre for business tourism, regional trade centre, retail and tourism hub, financial services. NEC- national exhibition centre, gov attracted investment for it to be built on west side of city, also got investment to increase size of the international airport, both of these made it easy to attract major international exhibitions and conferences to region which brings lots of money
Funding from national schemes: single regeneration budget, fund for projects in deprives areas, development corporations set up since 80s to regenerate deprived areas- Birmingham heartlands development corporation, set up to regenerate old industrial areas, 100£m from gov and 200£m from private investments, regenerated decommissioned Nechells power station and turned into star city which is a leisure complex bringing jobs and investment into area
City council gained funds from eu for projects, eu social investment fund gave 235£m, regional development fund been used to support famous landmarks, improve social housing and build space for small businesses
CASE STUDY: Recent regeneration in Birmingham- flagship
planning and installing flagship projects important in bringing physical change to city to bring socio-economic benefits
Centenary square- built in 20s was reconstructed and refurbished, victoria square also refurbished including town hall
Flagship projects- large scale one-off projects, international convention centre and symphony hall were two flagships that opened in 1991, both very expensive and eu provided quarter of funds
ICC- bring in signif income from hosting national and international conferences
Symphony hall- home to B symphony orchestra, nationally and internationally acclaimed orchestra that is player in reimaging B from run down city to place of culture
flagship projects help create multiplier effect, hotels restaurants and other facilities become established to meet demands of visitors to city, brining in more money for local economy
key services improves, bull ring demolished and rebuilt, become key hub for retail, new library in Centenary square, environment also improved- canals been cleaned and refurbished, players like canal and river trust and local gov have been key in regeneration these locations
three main unis, important players bring over 50k students to city, makes it younger, brings wealth due to staff and multiplier effect
CASE STUDY: Recent regeneration in Birmingham- transport
hub for national network of motorways, huge investment into main railway station- B new street (700£m), grand central above station was refurbished, over 1000 jobs created in shops
HS2- link birmingham and london, aim to be catalyst for growth by connecting capital w areas in the north, creating northern economic powerhouse, will cut journey between B and L to 45mins, better connections as people can move more so trade easier and more investment
players involved: local gov, engineering tncs, community groups and ngos like national trust
building new station- curzon street, will develop area around new station, should bring in 36k jobs and 1.4£b in economic uplift into these areas
What makes up identity of a place
physical geography
demography
socio-economic
culture
politics
built environment
Factors influencing perceptions- age
perceptions change as they get older, park for a 5yr old is diff for a teenager and an elderly, people move through a life cycle that involves changing residence which often associated w changes to income or family. elderly downsize accommodation, couple w children might buy larger house while first time living alone will rent and live close to city centre
Factors influencing perceptions- gender
roles men and women have are a thing when it comes to places too, female private place of the home contrasted w male public spaces like factories and offices
safety is signif role in giving meaning to places
geography of fear- some people wont go places bc its isolated or dark and can restrict their personal geography
for example women often wont go down dark alleyways on their own while men will bc they have a different perception of safety
Factors influencing perceptions- sexuality
as acceptance widens then lgbt people will cluster into the places that they are accepted, in some cities zones have been identified and mapped for being safe, one example would be the amount of gay bars in areas and places such as brighton
similarities between emergence of these places and emergence of ghettos, people cluster where they feel security and can be themselves , idea of strength in numbers is well known in urban residential patterns but mainly seen in terms of ethnicity
pink pound- spending money of gay people, helps to rebrand and regenerate areas
Factors influencing perceptions- religion
people give locations spiritual meanings, some natural landscapes are sacred to certain groups of people such as Uluru in australia which has major role in aboriginal creation stories
humans have long given locations religious meaning through buildings, religions given meanings to places through building on churches and mosques
Jerusalem signif place for Judaism, Christianity and Islam, focus of spiritual meaning for three diff religions so has come a contested space- been captured 11 times in last 1500 yrs
Factors influencing perceptions- role
the role we have at any one time can influence our perceptions of a location and how we behave, likely to act in a different way in a shopping centre than with your friends or with your grandma
role influences perception of fear and anxiety which reflected in ways boundaries are used to include or exclude people and acitivities
CASE STUDY: London regeneration, before
Socio-economic- Lea valley housed working class population in 2009 with close knit living in high rise council flats, most people industrial workers in the factory
Demography- Stratford in east end pre 2009 population majority white, once development plans published there was inward migration of Asian families
Environment- lea valley extremely polluted with fly tipping in the river leading to poor water quality
CASE STUDY: London regeneration, after
Economic- 380 businesses relocated away for the park to make space for olympics, 3000 new jobs and 110,000 after the games, westfield created 10,000 new jobs, 1.2% reduction in london unemployment, overspent by 5£ billion, 76% overbudget, expansion of stratford railway-increased job access (canary wharf) in financial services
Environmental- loss of homes, allotments and areas for fishing, excavated and cleaned 2.3m cubic metres of contaminated soil, london transport invested 6.5b in transport for the games, over 1000 new trees were planted in east london, new habitats created, water quality of river improved, green spaces created along river bank- clean spaces flooded w human waste, olympic part built on flood plain, flood relief wetlands can flood in 5 mins, natural green space lost to diggers
Social- Clay lane housing: 450 tenants had to be evicted are purchased in 2007, struggling to make ends meet, didnt get rehoused even tho entitled to. demographic change, olympic games stimulated gentrification of one of the poorest areas in london, wealthier people moved in due to increased interconnection to london and rest of europe, cost of living increased so poor people moved out, demography went from wc to upper middle class, housing prices increased
