Migration Flashcards
(19 cards)
Patterns of international migration
estimation due to undocumented illegal migrations and lack of uniformity in other countries
population is births-deaths +/- international migration
International migration
movement of people from one country to another
Inter-regional migration
movement of people between regions (continents)
Intra-regional
movement of people within regions
Patterns of migration in UK
-7.8 foreigners in uk 2013
-women represent just over half the immigrant population
-London has highest amount
-641,000 came in 2014, 178,000 had employment before arrival, 193,000 full time students and 91,00 seeking family reunification
EU migrant crisis- inter regional migration
2014, many flee conflict and instability in africa and middle east to reach eu, go across the med but sometimes set adrift by traffickers, 3279 died at sea
common routes- libya to italy, turkey and greece. increased in 2015 causing issue for rescue and border control for italian coastguard
Intra regional
2012- 1.7m moved from eu country to another one, 2.7m migrated from eu to non eu. majority of immigrants in germany uk and spain. due to schengen agreements (freedom of movement within most of eu across internal national borders) as well as more countries joining the eu
motive is economic particularly with polish, 660,000 in 2013
Intervening obstacles
border control, cost, natural borders, war, transport, visa
Relationship between migration patterns and socio-economic development
can be positive for stability, economic growth and socio-economic change
inequalities in development can be a cause of migration and influences direction and and scale of migration flows.
migrant remittances is stat of migration that is linked to development
Remittances
competes with international aid as one of largest financial inflows to developing countries and are percentage of a countries GDP, greater significance to LICs and EDCs development
2019: US $6.88b-0.1% of GDP, Haiti $3.27b-37.1% of GDP
2014: India received $72b in remittances and Nepal has experienced decline in poverty due to remittances
Negatives of remittances
exorbitant cost of sending money home
often a blanket ban on sending money
can reduce labour supply
How global migration promotes stability
remittances source of foreign exchange which can contribute to economic stability of recipient country
returning migrants can contribute to peacebuilding from learning new ideas and values like democracy and equality
youthful migrant working population contribute to more balanced age structure and population growth
How global migration promotes economic growth
GDP and tax base of host nation can be boosted by working migrants
migrants as consumers can stimulate local economies in host country and opening up new markets in demand for food
can fix skill gaps and shortages in labour market of a host country at local and national scales
remittances can supplement household income, stimulate consumption, provide funds for local investment and stimulate local multiplier effects in country of origin
How global migration promotes development
skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants can be beneficial to countries of origin
migrants can create networks which ease flows of skills, financial resources and values and ideas through links to diaspora associations, including professionals business and religious networks
UN migration and development projects between partner countries are involving families, local authorities in effective bottom up approaches to development
Guatemala- family planning ideas brought back, less stds and smaller families
Mexico- brought back democracy
How global migration causes inequalities
countries of origin lose proportion of young fittest workers, contributes to economic spiral and diff scales
better educated migrate, leads to brain drain
demographic selectiveness of international migration causes redistribution of population of reproductive age, influences birth rate
migrant remittances can increase inequality between families who receive them and those who dont
How global migration causes conflicts
can develop between host communities and new comers, hard to integrate
immigrant pop can place pressure on service provision such as health and education
international borders can be areas of conflict for border control and illegal migrants
How global migration causes injustices
vulnerable to violation of human rights as a result of forced labour and exploitation
poor treatment of asylum seekers
Calais jungle
How is migration more complex- globalisation
countries and economies become more interdependent, major bilateral corridors and traditional migration partnerships have remained strong but new places have emerged
Inter-regional- migration of highly skilled workers from china to usa, migration of workers from from india to oil producing gulf states attracted by increased demand for labour
Intra-regional- rapid increase of international migrant stock, fast growing economies singapore and malaysia are main destination, myanmar and cambodia are main sources, low skilled workers
Feminisation of migration
increase in number of female migrants, 51% female in developed countries, centre on the regulations governing admission and departure of migrants- linked to status of women in these countries. can be accounted bc of their greater independence status and freedom and increasing importance as main income earners
2013- 101 countries where female migrant stock greater than men
