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Geography > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Endemic

A

exist permanently in a geographical area such as Chagas found in central america

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2
Q

Epidemic

A

outbreak of disease that attacks many people at the same time and spreads through a population in a restricted geographical area

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3
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemic that spreads worldwide

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4
Q

Global distribution of malaria

A

infectious but non contagious tropical disease, asia and africa, 2018- 220m people infected, transmitted through mosquitoes, absent from urban areas in tropics

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5
Q

Global distribution of HIV

A

infectious and contagious, spread through body fluids, 38m in 2020, global distribution is highly uneven, main conc is in africa

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6
Q

Global distribution of TB

A

2018 10m cases worldwide and 1.5m deaths, infectious and highly contagious associated w poverty and crowded living, present in all global regions, africa has highest number of deathsGlobal distribution of

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7
Q

Global distribution of Diabetes

A

non communicable, afflicts nearly 400m and has 4.2m deaths, concentrated in north america

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8
Q

Global distribution of CVD

A

17m deaths a year, mainly in russia and africa, high mortality in ageing population

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9
Q

Expansion diffusion

A

disease has source and spreads outwards into new areas, carriers in source area remain infected

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10
Q

Relocation diffusion

A

disease leaves area of origin and moves into new areas

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11
Q

Contagious diffusion

A

spread of disease through direct contact with a carrier

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12
Q

Hierarchical diffusion

A

disease spreads through an ordered sequence of places, usually from largest centres with highest connectivity to smaller isolated places

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13
Q

Barriers to diffusion

A

-distance
-mountain ranges,seas,deserts
-climate
-political, controlled by curfew to limit contact
-face masks
-quarantine
-vaccines

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14
Q

Hagerstands diffusion model

A

originally developed to simulate spread of farm subsidies in small area in sweden, later applied to contagious diffusion of diseases
neighbourhood effect: probability of contact between carrier and non carrier determined by number of people living in each 5x5km grid square and their distance apart
number of people infected by epidemic approximates an s-shaped curve over time, after slow beginning number infected rapidly grows until levelling out

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15
Q

How does temp, precipitation, relief and water sources effect disease

A

-many diseases like malaria and yellow fever have epidemiology that depends on warm humid conditions so endemic to tropics
-disease influenced by climate have seasonal patterns, temp determines rate of vector development and replication
-precipitation creates stagnant pools for vectors to flourish
-relief and altitude causes abrupt changes in climate and diseases habitat
-many are water borne and lidc rely on water from wells contaminated by sewage, bacteria thrives here

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16
Q

Physical factors and disease vectors

A

Dengue fever widespread in tropics, responsible for 25,000 deaths, controlled by climate as mosquitoes thrive in warm humid conditions which favours the outbreak of dengue. temps of more than 32 and humidity above 95% trigger waves of dengue epidemics, conditions occur in summer months but short term weather can lead to outbreaks

17
Q

Seasonal variations in disease outbreaks

A

in temperate regions in northern hemisphere, influenza peaks in winter months, transmission of flu virus most efficient at low temps and low humidity
in tropic vectorborne diseases reach peak during rainy season - diarrhoeal disease in south asia peaks in pre-monsoon and end of monsoon when fly populations are highest

18
Q

Climate change and emerging infectious diseases

A

increase im temp rainfall and humidity stimulated transmission of vector borne diseases and extended their range, warmer and wetter conditions have favoured growth of west nile virus- birds are main host for virus, spread globally, high temps favour transmission
Lyme disease- ticks thrive in warmer conditions, expanding northwards as temps rise the ticks will colonise canada

19
Q

Zoonotic diseases spreading to humans

A

malaria is zoonotic, infections can spread through domestic and wild animals, transmission only occurs through close contact, probability increased where:
movement of wild animals is unrestricted by physical barriers, vaccination is sparse, limited control of feral animals in urban areas, urbanisation created suitable habitats

20
Q

CASE STUDY: Bangladesh- natural hazard leading to disease

A

-deltaic country prone to river floods which support a rural population by providing 1b tonnes of fertile soil
-supports 1000per km2 and washed down from himilayas by 200 rivers on low lying floodplain
-climate change makes flooding worse
-since 2015 has had 6 years of high magnitude floods
2020 floods:
-triggered epidemic of diarrhoea and water borne diseases like typhoid as drinking water was contaminated
-first two months, 40% flooded, 3,3m affected, 750,000 homes water logged, 83 dead, 4500 became ill
-diarrhoea serious for young children, 1/5 die every two mins, solution is to provide clean water and sanitation
policies in bangladesh to help disease:
-use of oral rehydration solution
-promotion of breastfeeding
-encourage handwashing
-water purification tablets
has saved 70,000 lives

21
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

realtionship between development and changing patterns of population age distribution, mortality, fertility, life expectancy and causes of death, socities undergo changes in three epidemiological phases: age of pestilence and famine- poor sanitation, low living standards, all countries passed this
age of receding pandemics- lidcs, advances in medicine, life expectancy above 50
post industrial societies the rate of mortality slackens- further medical improvements and higher hygiene, degenerative disease main cause of death, many edcs in this phase

22
Q

Non communicable in ACs

A

overnutrition and excessive sugar and carb consumption leads to higher prevelance of NC diseases, becoming increasingly apparent in younger age groups

23
Q

Communicable in LIDCs

A

dominate death in worlds poorest countries, water borne endemic in most LIDCs due to poverty and lack of healthcare
inadequate nutrition causes malnutrition, weakens immune system and increases risk of bacterial infections
water quality causes diseas, geography too as most poor countries in tropics where temps are high and high rainfall created epidemiology for disease

24
Q

CASE STUDY: India and cancer from air pollution

A

Causes and impacts:
-air pollution reduces life expectancy of 660m indians by more than 3yrs
-WHO says 10micrograms/m³ is safe but india is at 40
-12/15 most polluted cities are indian
-respiratory diseases 1,7x higher in new dehli compared to rural india
-lung and bladder cancer risen due to pollution, 1/68 males had lung cancer
Solutions:
gov in denial, economic growth is priority
national gov launched national clean air programme in 2019, target of reduing pollution by 20% not legally binding
14 indian cities making rapid transit metro systems, restriction on burning stubble in fields

25
Q

CASE STUDY: Malaria in Ethiopia

A

Environmental and human causes:
-stagnant water is breeding ground for mosquitoes, habitats influenced by altitude in ethiopia, endemic in western lowlands where temps are high throughout year
-population movements, urbanisation and irrigation encourages spread
-ppl move between highlands and lowlands at same time of rainy season and peak transmission
-irrigation provides habitats for them to breed
Patterns:
endemic in 75% of land area, kills 70,000 a year
Socio-economic impacts:
-hits poor hardest as poor dont have barriers
-suffer 5m episodes a year
-increases work absence, slows economic growth and reinforces poverty cycle
-lose 12$b a year due to lost production
-accounts for 10% of hospital transmissions
Controlling:
-can be treated not cured, drugs have physical and psychological side effects
National Malaria Strategic Plan- insecticide mosquito nets, indoor residual spraying and mosquito larval source reduction
on track for reducing malaria incidence by 40% in 2020

26
Q

CASE STUDY: Cancer in the UK

A

Causes:
-caused by lifestyle choices, some are preventable such as sunbathing and sunbeds, as well as changes in diet and alcohol consumption, lack of exercise and smoking- 1/5 cancer in uk are smoking
Socio-economic impacts:
-980 diagnosed every day
-440 die
Directly- 35,000 working age die each year and removes productive workers from labour force
Indirectly- 1m care for someone w cancer, has impact on economic productivity of friends and family members, lost around 585£m in 2018
-cancer rates in poor areas 3x greater than rich, rich also has higher survival chances bc of speed of diagnosis
Strategies to mitigate against cancer:
- govs target is to save 5000 lives a year and increase survival rates
Direct- investment into advanced medical tech, reducing wait times and improving understanding of disease
Indirect- changes in lifestyle
International agencies- international agency for research on cancer is part of who, conducts research into causes
cancer research- researches prevention and treatment, funded by donations and charity events

27
Q

WHO

A

established 1948 in geneva, authority on health in UN, works w other international organisations
brief: gathering health data, researching health problems, monitoring health situations, providing support in crisis
takes a leading role in increasing awareness of epidemics and outbreaks of new diseases and develops global strategies to combat diseases
delivers emergency aid such as nepal earthquake to areas worst affected

28
Q

Covid pandemic

A

who picked up reports of outbreak of unknown viral pneumonia in china, began to spread and declared global pandemic after 2 months
best prepared countries were ones who faced coronavirus before like south korea, while europe were underprepared
had greatest impact on poor people in high density, economic impact was signif

29
Q

CASE STUDY: NGO Red cross and cholera in Haiti

A

2010- haiti had earthquale and killed 30-300 thousand people, people lived in makeshift camps, half population had no access to toilets and cholera outbreak began, was introduced by Nepalese soldiers flown in to cope with disaster, 720,000 cases recorded in 4 years with 8700 deaths
red cross:
delivered clean water to 300,000 ppl in camps
built 1300 latrines for 250,000 ppl
provided medical supplies to main hospital
treated 18,700 cases of cholera in treatment units

30
Q

Physical barriers

A

isolate and restrict movement, can be advantage in pandemic as reduces spread but can also delay medical help
tribes in amazon isolated due to vast forest so common diseases and contact w cattle ranchers and loggers was often fatal, in peru half of a tribe was wiped out due to oil exploration on their land
natural disasters- disease gets out of control and water borne diseases become huge threat as medics have hard time reaching the remote areas

31
Q

Mitigating covid

A

-develop vaccine and vaccine programmes quickly rolled out but some unable or unwilling,
CUBA: as soon as crisis broke they established commission to deal with it, updated national plan for epidemics, travelled to china to learn more abt disease, all arrivals tested for virus, contact tracing started immediately and lockdown began, closed borders to non residents and quarantine obligatory
Healthcare: universal free public care supported by network of family doctors, produce 70% of own drugs, good defence systems and management of natural disasters, sends medics to assist in other countries

32
Q

Medicines from nature

A

modern medicines originate from natural compounds in wild plants
healing qualities so well known their names reflected it- woundwort and bladderwort
first naturally derived medicine isolated from a plant was morphine from poppies

33
Q

Examples of medicinal nature

A

SALICIN- bark of white willow, on river banks and wetlands in temperate zones, thrives on range of soils 5.5-8 ph, acts like aspirin
CAFFEINE- tea and coffee, tropical conditions 20-27 degrees with high rainfall, well drained soils, stimulant for CNS
MORPHINE- dried latex from seed pod of opium poppy, warm and humid with 30-38 degrees, deep well drained soils rich in humus, pain reliever

34
Q

CASE STUDY: Rosy Periwinkle

A

small evergreen shrub native to madagascar, requires warm tropical climate without frost, well drained soils but moisture retaining and slightly acidic
long established use- wasp stings in india and diabetes in china, attention came to scientists as has 70 known alkaloids which have signif medical value, two (vincristine and vinblastine) have been developed to treat various cancers
Vincristine- leukaemia and increased survival from 10% to 90%
Vinblastine- hodgkins lymphoma
worth hundreds of millions to eli lilly- us pharm giant that developed them, causes biopiracy as little profits sent back to madagascar

35
Q

Conservation issues and medicinal plants

A

Supply and demand- most sourced from wild, supply pharms with raw materials, 80% of population rely on trad medicine so demand is huge so most sought after species collected and delivered to market by international trade are under pressure, sourcing of wild plants is unsustainable as they are over harvested and plants pops are reduced and survival is endangered, 4000 threatened
Protection of natural ecosystems- habitat destruction threatens medicinal plants like deforestation, tropical rainforest very diverse with 70% of all plants but only 1% screened for medicinal use so conservation is key to protect genetic diversity, due to deforestation many are extinct, 1 potential major drug lost every 2 yrs
pharms exploit ecosystems and benefits to indigenous rainforest is nul so biopiracy

36
Q

CASE STUDY: GSK, pharmaceutical transnational

A

Pharms make excess profits, overcharge gov and clients, concentrate research in developing drugs not long term prescription
GlaxoSmithKline, headquarted in UK and had 34£b turnover in 2019, made 2.3b packs of medicine, employs 100,000 ppl globally with 84 manufacturing sites in 36 countries, medicine for acute and chronic disease are 2/3 of GSKs turnover, vaccine business one of the largest in the world, makes meds for type 2 diabetes, produces many important drugs on whos list
considerable investment in r+d, spends 4.6b a year researching new meds, one of few healthcare companies researching whos three priorities- aids, malaria and tb.
cannot sell drugs to lidcs and cost is too high for them but GSK devotes signif r+d resources to needs of developing world, company close to launching first effective vaccine against malaria
ethical policy:
returns 5% for each product sold
provides three hiv drugs to lidcs at big discount, invests 20% of its profit from sales in each developing country

37
Q

Global campaigns and disease eradication

A

limited success, who and other agencies currently trying to eradicate polio and guinea worm, both close but pockets of infection remain, prior to polio vaccine it killed 600,000 a year
Global Polio Eradication Initiative- 1988, progamme of vaccination eliminated it from americas and in 2011 only endemic in nigeria, pakistan and afghanistan, political instability and murder of healthcare workers have interrupted programmes,

38
Q

National campaigns and disease eradication

A

Mauritius- top down initiatives can eliminate malaria and prevent reintroduction, 1867 had epidemic that killed 1/8. gov backed campaign launched in 48 and buildings were sprayed as well as breeding sites and reduced mortality rates enough that who declared it was gone in 73
cyclone brought it back and initiative started again and mass administration of drug, passenger screening now at airports and insecticide is sprayed to stop reintroduction

39
Q

Grass root strategies for disease eradication

A

involves and empowers local communities
Guinea worm- guinea worm eradication programme in Ghana partners w the ghana red cross womens club to reduce transmission, teach women how its transmitted and how that can be prevented and then visit villages and educate communities, women appreciate value of filtering drinking water. they monitor and report new cases, ensure infected do not contaminate water, distribute water filters that remove water fleas
proved highly successful and has been eradicated from Ghana

Geography (6 decks)

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