Disease Flashcards

Question

CASE STUDY: Malaria in Ethiopia

Answer 1

Environmental and human causes: -stagnant water is breeding ground for mosquitoes, habitats influenced by altitude in ethiopia, endemic in western lowlands where temps are high throughout year -population movements, urbanisation and irrigation encourages spread -ppl move between highlands and lowlands at same time of rainy season and peak transmission -irrigation provides habitats for them to breed Patterns: endemic in 75% of land area, kills 70,000 a year Socio-economic impacts: -hits poor hardest as poor dont have barriers -suffer 5m episodes a year -increases work absence, slows economic growth and reinforces poverty cycle -lose 12$b a year due to lost production -accounts for 10% of hospital transmissions Controlling: -can be treated not cured, drugs have physical and psychological side effects National Malaria Strategic Plan- insecticide mosquito nets, indoor residual spraying and mosquito larval source reduction on track for reducing malaria incidence by 40% in 2020

Answer 2

Causes: -caused by lifestyle choices, some are preventable such as sunbathing and sunbeds, as well as changes in diet and alcohol consumption, lack of exercise and smoking- 1/5 cancer in uk are smoking Socio-economic impacts: -980 diagnosed every day -440 die Directly- 35,000 working age die each year and removes productive workers from labour force Indirectly- 1m care for someone w cancer, has impact on economic productivity of friends and family members, lost around 585£m in 2018 -cancer rates in poor areas 3x greater than rich, rich also has higher survival chances bc of speed of diagnosis Strategies to mitigate against cancer: - govs target is to save 5000 lives a year and increase survival rates Direct- investment into advanced medical tech, reducing wait times and improving understanding of disease Indirect- changes in lifestyle International agencies- international agency for research on cancer is part of who, conducts research into causes cancer research- researches prevention and treatment, funded by donations and charity events

Answer 3

established 1948 in geneva, authority on health in UN, works w other international organisations brief: gathering health data, researching health problems, monitoring health situations, providing support in crisis takes a leading role in increasing awareness of epidemics and outbreaks of new diseases and develops global strategies to combat diseases delivers emergency aid such as nepal earthquake to areas worst affected

Answer 4

who picked up reports of outbreak of unknown viral pneumonia in china, began to spread and declared global pandemic after 2 months best prepared countries were ones who faced coronavirus before like south korea, while europe were underprepared had greatest impact on poor people in high density, economic impact was signif

Answer 5

2010- haiti had earthquale and killed 30-300 thousand people, people lived in makeshift camps, half population had no access to toilets and cholera outbreak began, was introduced by Nepalese soldiers flown in to cope with disaster, 720,000 cases recorded in 4 years with 8700 deaths red cross: delivered clean water to 300,000 ppl in camps built 1300 latrines for 250,000 ppl provided medical supplies to main hospital treated 18,700 cases of cholera in treatment units

Answer 6

isolate and restrict movement, can be advantage in pandemic as reduces spread but can also delay medical help tribes in amazon isolated due to vast forest so common diseases and contact w cattle ranchers and loggers was often fatal, in peru half of a tribe was wiped out due to oil exploration on their land natural disasters- disease gets out of control and water borne diseases become huge threat as medics have hard time reaching the remote areas

Answer 7

-develop vaccine and vaccine programmes quickly rolled out but some unable or unwilling, CUBA: as soon as crisis broke they established commission to deal with it, updated national plan for epidemics, travelled to china to learn more abt disease, all arrivals tested for virus, contact tracing started immediately and lockdown began, closed borders to non residents and quarantine obligatory Healthcare: universal free public care supported by network of family doctors, produce 70% of own drugs, good defence systems and management of natural disasters, sends medics to assist in other countries

Answer 8

modern medicines originate from natural compounds in wild plants healing qualities so well known their names reflected it- woundwort and bladderwort first naturally derived medicine isolated from a plant was morphine from poppies

Answer 9

SALICIN- bark of white willow, on river banks and wetlands in temperate zones, thrives on range of soils 5.5-8 ph, acts like aspirin CAFFEINE- tea and coffee, tropical conditions 20-27 degrees with high rainfall, well drained soils, stimulant for CNS MORPHINE- dried latex from seed pod of opium poppy, warm and humid with 30-38 degrees, deep well drained soils rich in humus, pain reliever

Answer 10

small evergreen shrub native to madagascar, requires warm tropical climate without frost, well drained soils but moisture retaining and slightly acidic long established use- wasp stings in india and diabetes in china, attention came to scientists as has 70 known alkaloids which have signif medical value, two (vincristine and vinblastine) have been developed to treat various cancers Vincristine- leukaemia and increased survival from 10% to 90% Vinblastine- hodgkins lymphoma worth hundreds of millions to eli lilly- us pharm giant that developed them, causes biopiracy as little profits sent back to madagascar

Answer 11

Supply and demand- most sourced from wild, supply pharms with raw materials, 80% of population rely on trad medicine so demand is huge so most sought after species collected and delivered to market by international trade are under pressure, sourcing of wild plants is unsustainable as they are over harvested and plants pops are reduced and survival is endangered, 4000 threatened Protection of natural ecosystems- habitat destruction threatens medicinal plants like deforestation, tropical rainforest very diverse with 70% of all plants but only 1% screened for medicinal use so conservation is key to protect genetic diversity, due to deforestation many are extinct, 1 potential major drug lost every 2 yrs pharms exploit ecosystems and benefits to indigenous rainforest is nul so biopiracy

Answer 12

Pharms make excess profits, overcharge gov and clients, concentrate research in developing drugs not long term prescription GlaxoSmithKline, headquarted in UK and had 34£b turnover in 2019, made 2.3b packs of medicine, employs 100,000 ppl globally with 84 manufacturing sites in 36 countries, medicine for acute and chronic disease are 2/3 of GSKs turnover, vaccine business one of the largest in the world, makes meds for type 2 diabetes, produces many important drugs on whos list considerable investment in r+d, spends 4.6b a year researching new meds, one of few healthcare companies researching whos three priorities- aids, malaria and tb. cannot sell drugs to lidcs and cost is too high for them but GSK devotes signif r+d resources to needs of developing world, company close to launching first effective vaccine against malaria ethical policy: returns 5% for each product sold provides three hiv drugs to lidcs at big discount, invests 20% of its profit from sales in each developing country

Answer 13

limited success, who and other agencies currently trying to eradicate polio and guinea worm, both close but pockets of infection remain, prior to polio vaccine it killed 600,000 a year Global Polio Eradication Initiative- 1988, progamme of vaccination eliminated it from americas and in 2011 only endemic in nigeria, pakistan and afghanistan, political instability and murder of healthcare workers have interrupted programmes,

Answer 14

Mauritius- top down initiatives can eliminate malaria and prevent reintroduction, 1867 had epidemic that killed 1/8. gov backed campaign launched in 48 and buildings were sprayed as well as breeding sites and reduced mortality rates enough that who declared it was gone in 73 cyclone brought it back and initiative started again and mass administration of drug, passenger screening now at airports and insecticide is sprayed to stop reintroduction

Answer 15

involves and empowers local communities Guinea worm- guinea worm eradication programme in Ghana partners w the ghana red cross womens club to reduce transmission, teach women how its transmitted and how that can be prevented and then visit villages and educate communities, women appreciate value of filtering drinking water. they monitor and report new cases, ensure infected do not contaminate water, distribute water filters that remove water fleas proved highly successful and has been eradicated from Ghana

Disease Flashcards

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