Changing Spaces, Making Places Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
What is a place?
A
A location that has meaning, memory, opinion or emotion attachment associated with it.
2
Q
What is an example of a place?
A
Your own home as it has a meaning, memory and emotion.
3
Q
What is a space?
A
A physical location that has no meaning associated with it.
4
Q
What is an example of a space?
A
A random spot in the Atlantic Ocean- between New York and the UK.
5
Q
How do we experience places?
A
1- visiting the location and so forms a meaning and attachment
2- informal representation
3- formal representation
6
Q
Formal representations:
A
Reliable
Objective
Quantitative
Up to date statistics that are essential for government and council planning.
7
Q
Informal representations:
A
Qualitative
Agencies have had the power to question ‘status quo’
Tourism for example is an industry that benefits a place by a TV or movie.
8
Q
What are the factors that influence an individual’s perception of places?
A
Age
Gender
Sexuality
Religion
Role
9
Q
How does the age of a person influence their perception of a place?
A
Perceptions change as people get older.
They also change when people revisit a place that may have changed significantly over time.
10
Q
How does the gender of a person influence their perception of a place?
A
Places can be described as being male or female, which can reflect a society’s view of male and female roles.
11
Q
How does the sexuality of a person influence their perception of a place?
A
Some places aquire a specific meaning as they are places that people with a different sexual orientation go to.
12
Q
How does the religion of a person influence their perception of a place?
A
Religious meanings have been assigned to specific locations for many years.
13
Q
How does the role of a person influence their perception of a place?
A
Individuals perform a variety of different roles at different times.
14
Q
What is globalisation?
A
The increasing interconnectivity and interdependence of the world economically, socially, politically and culturally.
15
Q
What does the term ‘Global Village’ mean?
A
The idea that the world has become smaller because of greater interconnectedness.
16
Q
What is social inequality?
A
When unequal opportunities or rewards exists for people within a society and between people of different social status and position.
17
Q
What happens when social inequalities lead to differences between groups of people?
A
deprivation
18
Q
What are the factors of deprivation?
A
Poverty
Poor living conditions
Ill health
Poor education
Poor skills
19
Q
What is the index of Multiple Deprivation?
A
Used by the government of the UK to spatially assess levels of deprivation.
20
Q
What are the factors measured by the Index of Multiple Deprivation?
A
income, employment, health, education, crime, access to housing and services, and living environment.
21
Q
How is income measured for social inequality?
A
purchasing power parity (PPP)
Poverty for PPP is US$1.90/day
22
Q
How is education measured for social inequality?
A
literacy levels
23
Q
How is housing measured for social inequality?
A
owning
owning with a morgage
renting
squatter settlements
24
Q
What are the different types of employment?
A
formal and informal employment
25
What is disposable income?
The proportion of a person's income that remains after spending on essentials such as taxes, housing and food.
26
What factors have led to structural economic change?
TNC's
Global shift
ACs development
27
What does global shift mean?
The change in manufacturing areas from western Europe and North America to NICs in East Asia and South America
28
How have ACs contributed to economic change?
transformed into post-industrial societies in which there are high levels of employment in the tertiary and quaternary sectors
29
What is deindustrialisation?
The decline of a country's traditional manufacturing industry.
30
Why does deindustrialisation typically occur?
Due to the exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and a global shift in manufacturing to EDCs.
31
What is the multiplier effect?
Process by which a new or expanding economic activity in an area creates additional employment. These people then have more money to spend, growth occurs in other sectors and wealth stimulates more economic activity.
32
What are 2 positive impacts of economic change in ACs?
cheaper imports of relatively labour intensive products can keep the cost of living down.
Loss of mining and manufacturing industries can lead to improved environmental quality.
33
What are 2 negative impacts of economic change in ACs?
Rising job exports can lead to job losses which often affect unskilled workers. Therefore a big gap between unskilled and skilled workers occurs.
Job losses mainly occur in certain areas so can lead to deindustrialisation in these regions.
34
What are 2 positive impacts of economic change in EDCs or LIDCs?
Can lead to exposure of new technology, improvement of skills and labour productivity.
Employment growth in relatively labour intensive manufacturing spreads wealth, and does reduce development gap.
35
What are 2 negative impacts of economic growth in EDCs and LIDCs?
Unlikely to decrease inequality as jobs tend to be concentrated in core regions of urban areas.
Can destabilise food supplies, as people give up agriculture.
36
What is the primary sector?
Anything that extracts a natural resource.
37
What's an example of a primary sector job?
Farmer, fisherman
38
What is the secondary sector?
The use of natural resources to make something from it.
39
What's an example of a secondary sector job?
Factory worker
40
What's the tertiary sector?
Providing services
41
What's an example of a tertiary sector job?
Teachers, window cleaners
42
What is the quaternary sector?
science and research
43
What are the Kondratieff waves?
A long-term cycle that represents high and low growth economic periods.
He noticed a 50 year cycle in European agricultural prices and copper prices.
44
Who developed the Kondratieff waves?
Nikolai D. Kondrateiff
45
What is on the 1st wave of Kondratieff's waves?
Iron
Textiles
Water power
46
What is on the 2nd wave of Kondratieff's waves?
Steam power
Railroad
Steel
Cotton
47
How many waves are in the Kondriatieff waves?
6
48
What is a recession?
A period of economic decline.
49
What is a centre of innovation also known as?
Core region
50
What is a core region?
A region that serves as the center of economic power, wealth, innovation, and advanced technology. Typically characterized by good communication networks and high population density.
51
What are the impacts of structural economic change on people and places?
Manufacturing was mainly concentrated in West Europe and North America 50 years ago.
Raw materials such as copper and coffee were exported by countries like Zambia and Brazil which had limited manufacturing.
New International Division of Labour and global shift occurred so ACs transformed into post-industrial societies.
52
What is the New International Division of Labour?
Occurred when European, North American and Japanese TNCs created labour intensive factories in mainly East Asia and Latin America.
53
What's the global shift?
Refers to the relocation of manufacturing production on a global scale.
54
What are the effects of economic restructuring on people?
Loss of employment in the primary and secondary sectors in ACs.
55
What are the methods used to tackle social and economic inequalities by the government?
Taxation
Planning
Law
Education
Subsides
56
How does taxation tackle social and economic inequalities?
Income tax is used by governments to redistribute wealth from more prosperous to poorer areas, to create a fairer society.
57
How does subsides tackle social and economic inequalities?
The government gives subsides to poorer groups.
58
What are example of subsides to try and tackle social and economic inequalities?
Children in poorer families may get free school meals, clothing allowances or help with uni fees.
59
How does planning tackle social and economic inequalities?
Government, charities and housing agencies give priority to upgrading housing and services in poorer areas.
60
How does Law tackle social and economic inequalities?
Legislations aims to give equal opportunities to all groups.
61
How does education tackle social and economic inequalities?
government often provide funding for the training and upgrading of skills in order to raise skill levels and qualifications.
62
What is a player?
An individual or groups of people that can influence the process of change.
Some might have more influence than others.
63
What is another word for a player?
Stakeholder
64
What's an example of a public player?
Government at a national and local scale.
65
What's an example of a private player?
TNCs
66
What's the case study for an area that has been impacted by structural economic change?
Birmingham, UK
67
Birmingham, UK
Population of 1.1 million
2nd largest city after London
West Midlands
68
What did the De Birmingham family do for structural economic change in the 12th century?
Wanted to hold a market at their manor house. Given a royal charter in 1166 by King Henry II which helped to establish trade in this area.
69
Who started trade in Birmingham during the 12th century?
The De Birmingham family.
70
When did King Henry II give the De Birmingham family a royal charter?
1166
71
What was the role of Mathew Boulton for the manufacturing industry in Birmingham?
He created Soho manufacturing in 1761, to help establish the industrial revolution.
72
How many workers did Mathew Boulton's Soho manufacturing employ in Birmingham?
700 workers under 1 roof.
73
When were the canals first built in Birmingham?
1700s/1800s as the city grew
74
What were the need for the canals during the 1700s in Birmingham?
To carry finished industrial goods for trade.
75
When did the metal working industries in Birmingham begin to grow?
19th century
76
What was the role of the Cadbury family for structural economic change in Birmingham?
They built a factory in Bourneville on the rural-urban fringe in the 1870s.
Helped positively impact the workers lives as built a model village for the employees with good housing.
77
When did the care manufacturing begin in Birmingham?
1900-1950s
78
What happened to the inner city during the 1950s in Birmingham?
Slum like with canals left polluted due to the factories and increased smog, therefore poorer air quality.
79
Who were the players involved in the structural economic change in Birmingham from the medieval period to 1950s?
De Birmingham family- King Henry II
Mathew Boulton
Cadbury family
80
When did the decline in the manufacturing industry occur in Birmingham?
1951
81
What did the Arab-Israeli war lead to in Birmingham?
Prices of oil increased, with Western countries backing Israel.
The OPEC made up of mostly Arab countries banned some oil, with Birmingham relying on cheap manufacturing goods so impacted the manufacturing industry.
82
How did the Arab-Israeli war impact the car manufacturing industry in Birmingham?
As TNCs (japanese cars) became more popular in the UK. Brands such as Nissan for example during the 1970s.
They ended up setting up factories in Sunderland which moved away from Birmingham.
TAX BREAKS
83
What does the OPEC stand for?
oil and petroleum exporting countries
84
What are some examples of countries in the OPEC?
Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran
85
When did the Arab-Israeli was begin?
1973
86
What happened when the car manufacturing industry declined even further in Birmingham?
Strikes occured as car manufacturing declined by trade unions. This resulted in less investment by the government, so further decline.
87
What did the Birmingham council do to try and improve the housing between 1945 and 1970?
removed the slums and replaced it with 400 tower blocks but the people couldn't afford it.
In total 81k new homes were built but on the rural-urban fringe so lots moved out of the centre of Birmingham.
88
Who were the players involved in the structural economic change in Birmingham from the 1950s to Present day?
Central government- tax breaks, and movement of car manufacturing
OPEC
Trade unions
TNCs such as Nissan
Migrants.
89
Where is an example of where trade union occured in Birmingham?
British Leyland went on strike and investment was deterred.
90
How did the government help regenerate Birmingham?
Development of the NEC.
Expansion of Birmingham airport.
Birmingham Heartlands Development Corporation
Star city
91
What's the benefit of expanding Birmingham airport?
It's easier to extract major international exhibitors bringing in money.
92
How did Birmingham Heartlands Development Corporation help to regenerate Birmingham?
It was set up to help regenerate industrial areas of Birmingham.
100 million given by the government
200 million from private investment from the EU.
93
How did Star City help to regenerate Birmingham?
An abandoned power station was regenerated to create new investment into the area.
Also attacks tourism as bars and restaurants are located there.
94
What was the role of the EU to help regenerate Birmingham?
The city council gained funds for projects.
For example EU social investment fund gave £235 million to help social factors.
95
What was the role of Flagship locations to help regenerate Birmingham?
Bullring shopping centre
Symphony haul
NIA
96
What is a flagship location?
Examples that people visit an area for, which has socio-economic benefits.
97
What is the bullring in Birmingham?
A key place for retail, including TNCs such as selfridges.
98
What is held at the symphony haul in Birmingham?
It is home to the orchestra, so changes the cultural face of Birmingham making it a more pleasing area.
99
What is the NIA in Birmingham?
A national indoor arena that has hosted large sporting events.
100
What sporting events has the NIA held in Birmingham?
2018- World indoor Championships
2022- Commonwealth Games
101
What has improved the environment of Birmingham?
Canals were cleaned from the pollution of factories during the industrial revolution.
These are not a hub for tourists.
102
What was the role of transport to help regenerate Birmingham?
The M5, M42, M6 links to the A1- so easily connected.
HS2 connection link to London makes connection for trade easier.
New railway station called New Street had £700 million investment.
103
What is placemaking?
An approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces.
104
On what scale can placemaking take place?
Local, national and international scale.
105
Why does a place matter?
Social inequalities can't be addressed if we don't study places and so we don't have an understanding of people's experiences.
106
Who is involved in making a place?
Government
Local communities, residents
TNCs
Planners and Architects
107
Why do places rebrand?
All places have an image that affects people's perception of an area. They compete for investment and if it has a negative image then may need to rebrand.
108
What are the key elements in rebranding?
Brand Artefact
Brand Essence
Brandscape
109
What is Brand Artefact?
The physical environment:
Create a new environment
Reuse the existing environment
Remove old environment
110
What is Brand Essence?
People's experience of the brand:
Living in the city
Working in the city
Visiting the city
Talking about the city
111
What is Brandscape?
Comparison with competitor cities:
Local
Regional
National
International
112
What is re-imaging?
It dissociates a place from a bad pre-existing image.
113
What is rebranding?
The way in which a place is re-developed and marketed so that it gains a new identity.
114
What is regeneration?
A long-term process which involves redevelopment and the use of social, economic and environmental action to reverse urban decline.
115
What are the benefits of rebranding and reimaging?
It attracts new investment, retailing, tourists and residents.
116
What are 2 examples of how an area may rebrand itself?
Flagship developments
Events or themes to focus on cultural development.
117
What is a player?
A term used to describe the wide range of people involved and affected by the process of rebranding.
118
What are examples of players which provide funding for rebranding in an area?
Government at different scales.
Corporate bodies
Non-profit making organisations.
119
What is an example of a negative view of rebranding?
Gentrification
120
What happens as a result of gentrification?
Often leads to wealthier people moving to an area, so local house prices increase which forces others out of the market.
121
What is or case study for an area which has undergone rebranding?
Barcelona
122
Where is Barcelona located?
On the Mediterranean coast in Northern Spain, being its second largest city.
123
How many tourists does Barcelona receive averagely each year?
7 to 8 million
124
What were the reasons for rebranding in Barcelona?
Due to economic reasons, living conditions which combined reduced the amount of foreign investment.
125
What were the economic factors that needed improvement in Barcelona?
It needed improvement in wealth creation, employment and incomes to improve residents quality of life.
126
What were the living conditions like in Barcelona before it was rebranded?
Poor and overcrowded.
127
How were sporting events used to catalyse the rebranding process in Barcelona?
Olympic games- 1992
It helped to unite people together to begin the rebranding process, helped by crucial funding.
128
What was the funding given as a result of the 1992 Olympic games for Barcelona?
90% of the money made by IOC goes towards the Olympic games. Therefore attracted visitors to Barcelona.
129
What was created as a result of the Olympic games to help to rebrand Barcelona?
A riverside park which had businesses and media parks to try to unite the city, increasing the appeal of the area.
130
How has art and culture contributed to the rebranding process in Barcelona?
-The distinctive architecture of Antoni Gaudi gave Barcelona famous buildings.
-Museums, art galleries, restaurants & cafés have also been used to promote the city as one of the most vibrant and creative places in Europe.
131
What is an example of one of Antoni Gaudi's architecture?
The cathedral of Sagrada Familia.
132
What architecture was recognised by the UNESCO in Barcelona?
Antonio Gaudi
133
What is an example of a flagship development which was incorporated into Barcelona's rebranding process?
The Barcelo Raval hotel
134
When was the Barcelo Ravel hotel built?
2008
135
How has improvements to accommodation and the development of a university benefited Barcelona?
Students and young people who are economically active choose to live there which helps to boost the economic growth.
136
Hoe did the UN be a player in the rebranding of Barcelona?
They provided 80% of the £5 million scheme to improve housing and build a university.
137
What have been the overall positive impacts of the rebranding in Barcelona?
socio-economic gains for locals and visitors which can be demonstrated by figures for education, employment , health and crime.
138
What have been the overall negative impacts of the rebranding in Barcelona?
Gentrification
139
What is Barcelona seen more as now?
Environmentally friendly.
140
Why is Barcelona seen as more environmentally friendly than before?
Due to the more green spaces and the destruction of unattractive, run-down factories.
141
What is our case studies for how social inequality impacts people and places in different ways?
Jembatan Besi and Northwood
142
What is the context of Indonesia?
The fourth largest country in the world.
Classed as an EDC.
143
Where is Jembatan Besi located?
A slum in the capital of Indonesia called Jakarta.
144
What is the population of Jakarta in comparison to the Jembatan Besi slum?
Jakarta has a pop of 10.6 million with 31,000 people in slums.
4,000 people in Jembatan Besi.
145
What is the employment like in Jembatan Besi?
A lot of self-employment occurs here.
146
How are individuals in Jembatan Besi earning money from self-employment?
By selling foods or making new products.
147
What is the average income in Jembatan Besi?
$4 per day as an average but not usually regular
148
What is the education like in Jembatan Besi?
Poorly equipped schools with many children not completing formal education.
149
What is the reason for slum like conditions in Jakarta?
The demand for affordable housing exceeds the supply due to high levels of migration.
150
What are the health conditions like in Jembatan Besi?
Poor hygiene and health.
151
Why is there a poor level of hygiene and health in Jembatan Besi?
There's no clean running water so increases the risk of waterborne diseases.
152
What are the housing conditions like in Jembatan Besi?
The housing is relatively well built for the ground floor but makeshift extra stories are added on top.
153
What is the ground floor of housing in Jembatan Besi made out of?
timber and brick
154
What is a risk in Jembatan Besi in relation to the housing?
Fire
155
Why is there a risk of fires in Jembatan Besi in relation to housing?
Due to overcrowding where improvised electrical wirering is put in place which crisscross over each other.
156
What is the future for Jembatan Besi?
Jakarta Housing and Administrative Buildings Agency have identified 392 community units and slum areas planned for improvement to quality of life.
157
What's a weakness of the future plan for Jembatan Besi?
Some people are just being relocated to other slum areas.
158
What is the context of Northwood?
North of Irvine.
Built in 1960s and is an edge city.
159
How many people live in Northwood?
49,000 people
160
How many homes are there in Northwood?
18,000 homes
161
What proportion of people have children in Northwood?
Almost half
162
What is the median income for individuals in Northwood?
$113,603 per year
163
Where is Northwood located?
Irvine in California.
164
What is employment like in Northwood?
There are many high tech companies and the uni of California is the city's single largest employer.
165
What is an example of a high tech company in Northwood?
Blizzard Entertainment
166
What is education like in Northwood?
There are 5 high schools.
68.5% of over 25s have first degrees.
167
What is healthcare like in Northwood?
Healthcare is excellent with air pollution being relatively low.
168
What are the housing conditions like in Northwood?
The houses are single-family houses with relatively 'large' plots.
91% of people own their own home.
169
What is the future for Northwood?
It is seen as one of the best places to live due to the high quality housing, transport, infrastructure, education and retail.
Additionally has a Mediterranean-style climate with a beach at easy access.
