Changing Spaces, Making Places - CASE STUDIES

Question 1

Where is Toxteth located?

Answer 1

Inner Liverpool, approx. 1.5km south of city centre.

Question 2

Past characteristics of Toxteth…

Answer 2

Towards end of 16th century, Toxteth opened up for farming
Small-scale industry grew during 17th century due to hydropower from streams.

Question 3

How did Toxteth become a crucial part of the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 3

Major ports were introduced that belonged to associated industries - flour milling, brewing and copper mainly.
Docks began to specialise in timber imported from Scandinavia.

Question 4

Natural characteristics of Toxteth…

Answer 4

Land rises from banks of River Mersey, which is fast-flowing past Toxteth.
Channel narrows before passing into Liverpool Bay.

Question 5

How has Toxteth improved since the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 5

Parts of Toxteth were given to housing schemes with wide streets and substantial villas.
Growth has occurred due to increased connections and national/international trading.
Has provided great areas for immigrants to work and has become a culturally diverse area.

Question 6

Natural characteristics of Lympstone…

Answer 6

Occupies small valley cut by Wotton Brook
Red breccia cliffs mark the edge of the Exe estuary.
Small beach of pebbles and gravel run along the foot of the cliff.

Question 7

Where is Lympstone located?

Answer 7

In East Devon, approx. 15km south from Exeter.

Question 8

Past Characteristics of Lympstone…

Answer 8

During 13th century, Lympstone became a port with Exeter and created coastal/cross-channel trade links.
1840s - brought tourism from wealthy families from Exeter and East Devon.
19th century = strong sea links and improved railway, improving connections regionally/nationally.

Question 9

How has Lympstone improved since the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 9

Time-space compression = wider market for Lympstone’s shellfish industry.
Has strong sense of community, and most of population is quite elderly
Less cultural diversity, and has parish council that discusses ways to improve the town.

Question 10

Why are there no buildings in the heart of Lympstone’s village?

Answer 10

Strict planning rules have been enforced, and to protect architecture for local residents.

Question 11

Where is Jembatan Besi located?

Answer 11

In Jakarta, Indonesia.

Question 12

Demographics within Jembatan Besi?

Answer 12

1/4 of 10.6 million living in Jakarta live in slums.
Overall population of 31,000 (2010 census).
Has developed organically over 40 years.

Question 13

Socio-economic factors in Jembatan Besi?

Answer 13

People are forced to live in these homes as demand (for affordable homes) exceed the supply.
Many residents rely on casual/insecure labour and self-employment to generate income.
Schools are poorly equipped, and families within the slums can’t send children to school due to high fees.

Question 14

Quality of Built Environment within Jembatan Besi?

Answer 14

Relatively well-built out of brick and timber.
No natural light due to tall buildings and narrow alleys.
High risk of fire outbreak, due to overcrowding and usage of kerosene for cooking/heating.

Question 15

Govt. Intervention within Jembatan Besi?

Answer 15

Around 392 slum areas have been planned for improvement after govt. launched a buildings agency.
Social inequality isn’t being improved, as those living in slums are being moved to other slums, and original isn’t being improved.
Don’t have the resources to cope with increasing population.

Question 16

Where is Northwood located?

Answer 16

In Irvine (South California), U.S.A. (north part of Orange County).

Question 17

Demographics within Northwood?

Answer 17

Population of 49,000 (2018 census).
18,000 households, around 1/2 are families with kids.
1/2 are residents of White background. 2nd numerous group is Asian (mainly Vietnamese due to Vietnam War).

Question 18

Definition of ‘edge city’?

Answer 18

Substantial urban development of the brink of conturbation (self-planned/sufficient)

Question 19

Definition of conturbation?

Answer 19

Large urban areas that are made from previous separated towns/cities.

Question 20

Socio-economic factors within Northwood?

Answer 20

Avg. income = US$113,603/yr, compared to US avg. of US$63,179/yr (2018)
Crime stats = 56 per 100,000 compared to nation avg. of 381 per 100,000.
University of CA, Irvine - city’s largest employer, many TNCs/MNCs have US headquarters in Irvine (KIA Motors, Toshiba)

Question 21

Quality of Built Environment in Northwood?

Answer 21

Streets are often occupied with many trees.
Avg. household = 2.8 persons
91% of households own their homes.

Question 22

Govt. Intervention in Northwood?

Answer 22

Positive impact - Has featured many times for being a safe and high-employment city.
Equal opportunities for all, involving chances to work with world-leading companies and well-paid jobs within Northwood.

Question 23

Where is Birmingham located?

Answer 23

In the West Midlands, about 160km away from London.
It is bordered by Wolverhampton and Coventry, and is the second larget city after London (pop. 1.1 million - 2019)

Question 24

How did Birmingham begin the ‘city of a thousand trades’?

Answer 24

The Bermingham family was responsible for holding markets in 1166.
Began to grow as a result of trading links, and was positively impacted by the canals later on.
Power came from watermills and products were becoming less agriculture-based).

Question 25

How did Birmingham transform during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 25

Matthew Boulton transformed the industrial base of Birmingham, by building the first factory in 1761.
Gun, jewellery, button and brass industries dominated and food processing was introduced for growing pop.
Bank, finance and insurance industries were established, which brought middle-class workers.
Transport links were also developed and the LDN to BHM railway was opened in 1838.

Question 26

How did Birmingham change further from 1900-1950?

Answer 26

New engineering industries (Austin car plant - 1906)
Terraced housing built and made it easy for people to walk to work, but was very poor quality + high density.
Economic growth was sustained (continuous pop. growth + immigration from rural areas)

Question 27

How were Birmingham’s industries affected post-war?

Answer 27

1970 - 1983, earnings declined to lowest in region.
Oil crisis lead to recession, vehicle industry declined leading to frequent strikes and comprehensive development caused higher rent prices and less SMEs.

Question 28

How was Birmingham’s housing and demographics impacted post-war?

Answer 28

Between 1945 -1970, 81,000 new homes were constructed.
People were relocated to peripheral estates as central zone was cleared on residential homes.
A green belt was established around Birmingham, which increased the value of land.
More people from other ethnic backgrounds migrated to Birmingham, giving the city more cultural development.

Question 29

Recent regeneration within Birmingham…

Answer 29

Govt. - expanded Birmingham Airport, constructed the NEC and have helped to regenerate certain areas within Birmingham.
Flag Dev. - Improved economic change with the Barclaycard Centre (positive multiplier effect), the environment is being looked after and shopping centre has been refurbished.
Transport - New Street has been transformed, tram/light rail systems are being used, and HS2 and motorway links are keeping Birmingham better connected.

Question 30

Where is Stratford located?

Answer 30

In east London.

Question 31

What impacted Stratford’s regeneration?

Answer 31

The London Olympics being hosted in 2012, which brought high amounts of funding into the area and improving transport, housing and recreational activities.

Question 32

How did the Olympics improve Stratford?

Answer 32

Thousands of construction jobs for the building of the London Stadium.
The London Aquatics Centre is now available to the public for use.
Westfield Stratford City is now wider known within London and has become a large part of the community.

Question 33

Why was Stratford chosen for this regeneration project?

Answer 33

Stratford was considered to have lots of potential to become a safer and better constructed area by its local government.
Stratford was also a brownfield site that needed a lot of work done for it to improve the surroundings and support communities.