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BIOL1009 > Changing World > Flashcards

Changing World Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the Green revolution

A

• Introduced dwarfing gene
• Shorter = less straw, more grain
• Better harvest index
Improved use of fertilizers and mechanization of harvesting

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2
Q

How much growth do we need per year to meet food demands?

A

2-3%

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3
Q

Why do we need to increase crop yields?

A

Because we don’t hav enough table land for expansion

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4
Q

Other uses for plant material?

A

Encoding proteins, produce compounds, medicine and drugs

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5
Q

Explain tobacco’s use?

A

Encode proteins

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6
Q

How much CO2 does photosynthesis use?

A

120 GT

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7
Q

How much CO2 does plant respiration use?

A

59 GT

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8
Q

How much CO2 does burning fossil fuels release?

A

7-8 GT

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9
Q

How much CO2 does ocean use?

A

2 GT

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10
Q

How much CO2 is missing and why?

A

2-3 GT due to storage in plants

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11
Q

What is one of the most effective climate change solutions?

A

Restore 0.9 billion hectares. 2.05GT of cabron

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12
Q

How do leaves respond to shade?

A

Shade = thin and broad

More sun = thicker

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13
Q

How does leaf mass per unit area change in shade?

A

Sun developed is higher than shaded.

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14
Q

Why did gymnosperms decline in Australia

A

Climate change
Angiosperms
Slow reproduction
Reliance on wind pollination

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15
Q

What are two types of gymnosperms?

A

Cycads and conifers

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16
Q

Name the 4 major families of conifers?

A

Podocarps
Araucarians
Cypresses
Taxodiums

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17
Q

What are Australian native conifers?

A

Cypress pines, Wollemi pines, Podocarps

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18
Q

How much of Australia is dominated by Eucalyptus and Acacia species?

A

75%

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19
Q

Where does Acacia dominate?

A

Centre where rainfall is less than 300mm/year

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20
Q

Where does Eucalyptus dominate

A

Areas where rainfall is above 350mm/year

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21
Q

What are monocots?

A

Australian angiosperms - grasses

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22
Q

What are eudicots?

A

Australian angiosperms

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23
Q

What are dominant edict families?

A

Myrtaceae, proteaceae and Fabaceae

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24
Q

What is special about the rot system of proteaceae?

A

Have proteome roots for low phosphorus

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25
Q

What are the functional traits of plants?

A 
Physiognomy
Life span
Leaf traits
Root traits
Photosynthetic pathway
Height
Leaf area index
Stress tolerance
Pollination
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26
Q

What are different types of roots?

A

Nodulating and leaf traits

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27
Q

What is a stress response in plants?

A

Stress response is the decrease in rate of processes

28
Q

What is acclimation in plants?

A

Phenotypic plasticity to respond to stress and improve rate of processes.

29
Q

What is adaption in plants?

A

A genotypic response to stress

30
Q

How much are crop yields reduced by stress?

A

65 to 87%

31
Q

What are the top 3 highest causes of crop loss?

A

Drought, water logging and cold.

32
Q

What is the yield gap?

A

The difference between attainable yield and actual yield.

33
Q

How have plants adapted to the cold?

A 
Leaves are thicker
Increased cell layers
Increased water content
Thicker cell walls
Change sin cell-water potential
34
Q

Why does plant respiration increase with temperatures?

A

Enables supply of energy

35
Q

What are ruderals (R)?

A

Plats that invest most resources to reproduction

36
Q

What are Competitors (C)?

A

Invest more energy in leaf/stem and roots.

37
Q

What are stress tolerators (S)

A

Slow growing and morphological changes.

38
Q

How are C and R genotypes similar?

A

They both are fast growing.

39
Q

How are C and R genotypes different?

A

R species have a shorter life cycle.

40
Q

What type of cells are present in fast growing plants

A

Parenchyma cells

41
Q

What type of cells are present in slow growing plants?

A

Schlerenchyma cells

42
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A

Anchorage
Uptake of nutrients and water
Storage

43
Q

Types of roots

A

Prop roots, storage roots, aria roots, butters roots and air roots.

44
Q

What are stems?

A

Alternating system of nodes and internodes

45
Q

What are axillary buds?

A

They can form branches

46
Q

Name some stems?

A

Stolons, rhizomes, tubers and bulbs

47
Q

What are the three factors which influence carbon uptake?

A

Rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area
Amount of leaf area
Morphology

48
Q

What influences leaf area?

A

Leaf-mass ratio

Specific leaf area

49
Q

Relationship between leaf mass and root

A

Higher LMR has smaller roots

50
Q

Benefit of increasing LMR?

A

Increases carbon gain, reduces carbon loss from small roots.

51
Q

Types of leaves in plants?

A

Tendrils, spines, storage leaves, brass and reproduction leaves

52
Q

How does primary growth occur?

A

Apical meristems divide rapidly

53
Q

How does secondary growth occur?

A

From lateral meristems

54
Q

Primary growth in monocots

A

Apical meristem is at the base of each leaf.

55
Q

How to increase crop yields?

A

Improve RGR during growth
Improve RGR during stress
Allocation of carbon

56
Q

What defines plant growth?

A

Increase in plant mass over time

57
Q

What happens when SLA is high?

A

Leaves are thin and light interception is increased

58
Q

Fast growing species and their relationship with SLA and LMR

A

Higher SLA and LMR

59
Q

What cells do stress tolerating species have?

A

Sclerenchyma

60
Q

Fast vs Slow growing species

A

Fast growers have more photosynthetic cells, less structural cell types
Slo growers have more structural cell types

61
Q

What are the three key processes of exchanging light

A

Photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration

62
Q

How do you calculate net photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis - photorespiration - respiration

63
Q

What are the conditions which favour photorespiration?

A

High temperatures

Low CO2 inside leaf

64
Q

What areas is photorespiration the highest?

A

Hot, dry areas where stomata are shut

65
Q

Where are C4 plants more productive than C3

A

In hot and dry environments

66
Q

How does water transfer occur in leaves??

A

Evapotranspiration from leaf is the drive force for water uptake from soil via the xylem.

BIOL1009 (4 decks)

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