Invertebrates Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
Purpose of surface area
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Membrane transport, gas exchange, heat exchange and nutrient exchange
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Q
Surface Area vs Volume
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As an animal gets larger, its surface area gets relatively smaller.
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Q
Multicellular animals
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Have multiple cell types that need each other.
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Multicellular organisms
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Have division of labour
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Q
Sessile vs Motile
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Sessile animals don’t move, motile animals move around.
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Q
Phylum
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Major grouping of animals that share a body plan.
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Q
Phylum Porifera - Sponges
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Oceans, attached to firm surfaces.
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Q
Spongocel
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Cavity inside the sponge
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Osculum
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Large opening into the cavity at the top of the sponge
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Q
The four types of cells in sponges
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Epidermal cells (outside), choanocytes (unicellular), porocytes (purpose is to be a hole), ameobocytes (can move within cells)
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Q
Amoebocytes
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Move around outside the sponge, give skeleton support, defence. They are made up of silica, calcium carbonate or spongin.
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Amoebocytes and defence
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Have a spiky texture and hope with digestion, transport waste, reproduction and transport oxygen.
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Sponges as hermaphrodites
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Amoebocytes turn into gg cells and sperm cells from amoebocytes or choanocytes. This finds a way into another sponge. Choanocyte engulf it, passes it to an amoebocyte and then carries the egg cell in mesophyll.
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Q
Choanocytes
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Unicellular, have a tail (flagellum) to move water. They can communicate with amoebocytes.
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Q
Why are sponges folded
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To increase surface area, more choanocyte, more water movement, more oxygen and food.
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Endosymbiosis
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Some sponges house photosynthetic organisms. These use nitrogenous waste products from sponge and supply it with nutrients leading to bright colours.
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Phylum of Cnidaria
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Jellyfish, corals, hydra, bluebottles and anemones. Cnidarians are diploblastic.
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Q
Medusae cnidaria
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Means motile
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Dimorphic cnidaria
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Polyp (sedentary) or medusa (Motile)
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Diploblastic
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Two cell layers; outside is epidermis and gut lining is endoderm.
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Cnidarian cells
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Epithelio muscular cells, sensory and nerve cells, interstitial cells, cnidocytes.
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Cnidocytes
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Stinger cells, have a trigger, barb, capsule, nematocyst and cell contents.
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Cnidocyte triggering process
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Trigger activation changes capsule permeability, rapid inflow of water, capsule expands and Burts. The nematocyst shoots out with a poison tube. The barbs bore into the target and toxins are injected.
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Q
How to remove nematocysts
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Sea water remove sun triggered cnidocutes, vinegar inactivates the untriggered cnidocytes.
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Gastroderm
Inside surface and is made up of nutritive muscular cells.
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Cnidarian movement
Muscle shortening and lengthening. There is a fixed volume of liquid in a closed container, muscle push against it and therefore change shape.
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Cnidarian feeding
Tentacles catch food, undigested food is released through mouth.
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Cnidarian reproduction
Asexual or sexual.
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Statocyst cell
Gravity detection cell.
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Medusa reproduction
Ephyra -> Medusa -> Sexual reproduction by broadcasting zygotes into the water -> Planula lavae-> Polyp -> Forms strobila -> Asexual reproduction by the floating strobila.
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Cnidarian classes
Hydrozoa - Hydra and polyp
Cubpza - Have eyes
Anthozoa - Corals
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Anthozoa
No medusa stages sexual reproduction, have zooxanthellae.
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Coral bleaching
Occurs when warming impede algal function.
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Tripoblastic cell layers
Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Mesoderm is in between the ectoderm and endoderm.
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Elimination vs Expulsion
Expulsion of undigested food waste (faeces), expulsion of metabolic waste products (water and electrolytes).
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Have heads, tripoblastic, no circulatory or respiratory system. Oxygen is absorbed through the skin however the skin must be wet.
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Class Turbellaria
Free living, terrestrial or fresh water, flatworms, mostly carnivores.
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Flatworm systems
Movement with ventral cilia, reproduction are hermaphroditic.
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Totipotent Cells
Regeneration
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Gastroderm
Is the inside surface
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Nutritive muscular cells
Cells with elongated tanks with contractile fibres
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Gland cells
Secrete digestive enzymes
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Interstitial cells
Same as the outer surface
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Nerve cells
Similar to outer surface
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Feeding for cnidarians
Tentacles catch for and stuff it into mouth. Undigested food is released through the mouth.
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Reproduction in cnidarians
Asexual is called budding, sexual is dioecious.
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Medusas and gravity detection
They have a statocyst cell. The statolith Cana effect sensory neurone by rolling around in the cell.
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Sexual reproduction
Ephyra > Medusa -> Sexual reproduction with zygotes in the water -> Planula lava -> Polyp -> Forms strobila -> Asexual reproduction
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Cnidarian classes
Hydrozoa, cubozoa, anthozoa
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Trematoda and Cestoda
Parasitic
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Hosts of Trematoda and Cestoda
Juveniles develop in the intermediate host, adults are in the definitive host
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Trematode Genus Schistosoma
About 20 species affecting mammals, causes schistosomiasis.
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Schistosomiasis
Lives in blood vessels, causes enlarged liver and fluid accumulated.
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Life cycle of schistosome
Adult in veins around intestine, get into hosts eggs released in faeces, eggs hatch miracidium infects snail, asexual reproduction and escapes in water.
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Cestoda
Have 2 hosts, produce large amount of eggs, hermaphroditic.
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Cestoda anatomy
Head = Proglottids, tail is old egg filled.
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Taenia solium
Pig human tapeworm, intermediate host is a pig where cysts form in muscle tissue. Can live in human gut and passed through access. If humans eat faeces with eggs, the human can become the intermediate host.
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Echinococcus granulises
Can cause cysts in humans
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Embryogenesis
The development of the embryo follow fertiziliation.
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Protosomes development
The blastopore becomes the mouth .
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Deuterostomes development
The blastopore becomes the anus
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Body cavity
Fluid filled space in mesoderm and the fluid cushions the organs.
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Body cavity in triploblastic animals
Pseudocoelom and coelom
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Pseudocoelom
Between gastroderm and mesoderm
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Coelom
Within mesoderm
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Phylum - Mollusca
Huge diversity, triploblastic and 95% marine.
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Shell of Mollusca
External, internal and made up of CaCo3.
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Function of shell mollusca
Protection, burrowing, exoskeleton and buoyancy.
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Formation of Mollusca shell
Produced by mantles and grows at aperture (growth rings)
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Radula
Odonotphore is the solid support for the teeth, they are replaced from the rear.
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Mouth of mollusca
Jaw cuts up piece, radula grates up and used in grazing etc.
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Mantle cavity
Responsible for respiratory pore, gills/lungs, heart, kidney and anus
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Mantle
Specialised epidermis that secretes shell. Respiratory pore inside the mantle cavity.
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Mollusca vs flatworms
Flatworms have gas exchange through surface. Exertion is through flame bulbs and nephridiopores.
Molluscs have gills and lungs. They are compartmentalised.
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Mollusc circulatory system
Heart and blood vessels, mollusc blood is called haemolymph.
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Haemolymph
Carries waste and oxygen. Does not contain red blood cells, instead as hemocyanin which is a protein attached to two copper ions.
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Class Gastropoda
Snails, slugs and nudibranchs. Has eyes, tentacles and mucus glands.
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Snails
Has visceral mass organs inside the shell. Torsion occurs during gastropod development.
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Snails and systems
Digestive system as digestive enzyme glands which secretes enzymes. Brain is in ring around tract behind mouth. Nerve fibres branch throughout the body. Hermaphrodtic and as a genital pore on the neck.
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Spermatophore
Package of sperm surrounded any gelatinous protective coat.
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Spermatheca
Container in female reproductive system that stores sperm from another individual.
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Copulation pouch
Digests excess sperm
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Flagellum
Binds sperm into spermatophores
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Ovotestis
Produces Bothe eggs and sperm
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Albumin gland
Produces yolk for eggs
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Finger gland
Produces mucus for spermatophore movement
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Larval forms in snails
Trochophore larva, veliger larva
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Nudibranches
Gastropods and carnivores withe eggs laid in spirals.
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Dorids vs aeolids
Dorids have flattened bodies and eat poriferans
| Aeolids have elongated bodies, eat cnidarians.
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Class- polyplacophora
Chitons, oval body, 8 dorsal plates, inter-tidal zone, strong foot attachment against waves. Very slow crawl.
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Class bivalvia (clams)
Two valves to shell, hinge and adductor muscles. Lost radula. Gills hang in mantle cavity.
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Clam collecting oxygen
```
Water in current siphon.
Mantle cavity
Gills
Ex-current siphon
Adductor muscles
Muscular foot
Palp
Anus
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Clam muscles
Siphons and byssall threads
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Cephalopoda
Squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus and ammonites.
Active predators
Mantle cavity used for movement
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Cephalopoda movement
Water goes into mantle cavity, over gills, through siphon. Siphon is for steering and jet propulsion.
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Order Teuthida
Squids, internal shell, 8 arms and 2 tentacles.
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Order Octopoda
8 arms, venomous and highly intelligent.
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Order Sepiida
Cuttlefish, internal shell for flotation, speak in colour, sepia ink.
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Order nautilida
6 living species, external shell, chambers called camerae.
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Order Ammonitida
Ammonites, extinct.
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Phylum Annelida
Segmented worms, triploblastic, coelomates and bilateral smmetry
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Segments of annelida
Each segment has is own coelom and its own muscles. Gut runs through the whole animals.
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Class Oligochaeta
Reduced head, reduced parapodia. Earthwroms. Aerate soil and break down detritus. Hermaphroditic
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Oligochaeta and reproduction
Mutual sperm transfer, clitellum secretes mucous sheath around both worms. Transfer sperm into other worms spermatheca.
○ Transfer sperm into other worm's spermatheca
○ Worm secretes cocoon from clitellum
○ Cocoon moves forwards
○ As it passes female gonopore; releases 10-20 eggs
○ As it passes spermatheca opening, releases sperm
○ Carries on forward to head.
○ Front pinches closed as it leaves head
○ Back pinches closed as it leaves head
○ Cocoon laid in soil (many cocoons from each mating)
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Nervous system in oligochaete
Cerebral ganglion around pharynx. One nerve cord.
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Circulatory system in oligochaete
Dorsal vessel, ventral vessel. Wrapping vessels in each segment. Five wrapping vessels are an enlarged heart.
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Dorsal vessels in earthworms
Pumping food forward. Ventral vessel has blood moving backwards. These allow respiratory across skin surface.
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Digestive system in earthworms
Mouth and anus go through septa. Gut has peristalsis muscles.
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Excretory system in earthworms
Typhlosole, indentation of gut. Metanephridum, a pair in each segment.
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Class Polychaeta
Bristle worms, tube worms and Christmas tree worms.
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Parapodia
Paddles on each segment, in Polychaeta worms.
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Chaetae
Chittin
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Class Hirudinea
Leeches, parasitic or predators. No chateau. Mostly fresh water. Attach to host. Anterior and posterior suckers.
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Anatomy Hirudinea
32 segments that look like annular rings. Blade-like jaws to slice skin and secretes anaesthetic.
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Phylum Arthropoda
Trophoblastic, coelomate and bilateral symmetry,
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Coelomate
Body cavity with coelum.
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Segmentation in arthropoda
Body is divided into segments, repeated organs and limbs. Some segments are fused.
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Tagmata
Segments are fused. Insects have three magmata; head, thorax and abdomen. Arachnids have two magmata; cephalothorax and abdomen.
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Exoskeleton in arthropoda
Made up of chitin and protein. Can be rigid or flexible to facilitate movement. Provides protection, muscles attachment and protection from desiccation.
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Chitin
Is made of cellulose, chitin isa polymer of acetyglucosamine.
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Jointed appendages
Hollow tubes and chitin. Flexible joints. Internal muscles.
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Ecdysis
Essential for growth, since chitin doesn't grow. Growth is in steps.
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Open circulatory system in arachnids
Organs are bathed in blood, blood leaves heart in arteries into haemocoel. Back into heart through Ostia in heart wall.
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Respiratory system in arachnids
Surface area and desiccation with thin and moist membranes,
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Sub Phylum Cheliceriformers
Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites and horseshoe crabs. have a cephalothorax and abdomen. Simple eyes with singles lens
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Chelicerae
Claw like feeding appendages
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Ticks
Ectoparasitic and bloodsuckers
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Class Xiphorusa
Horseshoe crabs.
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Sub Phylum Cheliceriformes
Major subdivision of arthropoda
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Class Arachnida
Order Acari = Ticks
Order Xiphorusa = Horseshoea crabs
Order Araneidae = Spiders
Order Scorpions - Scorpions
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Scorpions
Pedipalps = Pincers
Tail tip with poisonous stinger
Fluorescence under UV light
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Spiders
Chelicerae - Poison gland
Pedipalps hold food
Spit out digestive enzymes and sucks up liquids
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Spider webs and milk
Stronger than steel, silk gland produces liquid silk. Tubes to spinnerets.
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Spinnerets
Thick liquid silk arrives at spinnerets in 2 to 8 days.
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Subphylum Hexapoda
Springtailsand insects
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Class insecta
Contains the only flying invertebrates. Compound eyes.
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Insecta excretory system
Referred to Malpighian tubules wich remove waste from haeomolyph.
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Fleas
Jump onto passing host. Usually miss the host. Specialised back legs.
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Flea jumping
Contain a resin ball between thorax and back leg. Resilin is the most elastic substance known. Muscle contracts- Squashes resin ball, catch holds it in a cocked position. The catch is released and the resin expands.
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Dragonflies
Horizontal wings at rewets damselflies are vertical at rest. Dragonflies cannot walk.
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Metamorphosis
Occurs in beetles, butterflies and moths, ants, bees and wasps..
Larva -> pupa and then adult
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Why does metamorphosis occur?
So juveniles don't compete with adults. Juveniles can focus on feeling and adults specialised in reproduction.
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Pupa phase
Digestive enzymes break up cells int mush. Only a few group of cells survive (imaginal discs).
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Hemimetabolous insects
Don't undergo metamorphosis. Slowly change with each moult.
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Insect anatomy
Head, thorax and abdomen. Have a compound eye made up of multiple ommatidia.
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Crustacea
Crabs, lobster, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles, isopods and copepods.
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Difference between crayfish and lobster
Crayfish is freshwater, lobster is marine.
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Isopods
Largest group of crustaceans, terrestrial species are pill bugs/wood lice.
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Copepods
Very small, bottom of marine food chain.
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Pleopods
Have appendages on abdomen.
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Arthropods and annelids
Not closely elated.
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Phylum echinodermata
Sea stars and urchins. Contain tube feet.
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Tube feet - Ampulla
Muscles around fluid filled bulb within skeleton.
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Tube feet - podium
Extendable fluid filled with sucker like tip stick out of skeleton.
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Tube feet - valves
Sealed volume of fluid
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How do Tube feet work
Valves close, ampulla muscles contract, flu9id forced into podium, podium elongated and straighten and suckers attach.
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Retraction of tube feet
Suckers release, muscle relax, fluid flows back into ampulla and podium retract and bends.
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Sea stars eating food
Eat mussels eat with tube feet. Tube feet prise muscle slightly open, spit in digestive enzymes. This kills the muscle and therefore it opens up.
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Pentraradiate symmetry
Form radial symmetry based on five.
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Starfish larvae
havebilateral symmetry
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Class Asteroidea
Starfish. Can't be killed by chopping them up. Tube feet alongnbottom of five arms and around mouth. Has internal skeleton.
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Digestive system of starfish
Most species eat bivalves, some species eat corals. They evert stomach onto coral, digest polyps and suck up juice.
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Gas exchange in starfish
Occurs through skin gills.
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Pedicellaria
Act as tweezer to remove barnacles and for defence
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Starfish reproduction
Male or female starfish with gonads in one of the feet.
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Class holothuroidea
Sea cucumbers. Tube feet in five rows.
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Class concentricycloidea
Sea daisies. 3 species and live on rotting wood under the sea
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Class echinoidea
Sea urchins, have spikes and skeletons. Spines ar removable with ball and socket joints and can walk with these spines.
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Sand dollars
Flattened urchins. They have pedicellaria for defence ands to settlement.
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Excretion in echnoidea
Occurs with amoeboid cells which absorb waste and jump off.
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Mouthparts fo sea urchins
Have mouthparts ca;;ed Aristotle's lanter. teeth scrape algae and seaweed.
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Reproduction with sea urchins
Sexual reproduction with external fertilisation, asexual reproduction is rare and is the regeneration of whole individuals from parts after damage.
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What makes a chordate a chordate (vertebrate)
Notochord
Dorsal tubular nerve chord
Pharyngeal pouches and gill slits
Postanal tails
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Phylum Hemichordata
Acorn worms. Very small.
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What is special about acorn worms
Show both echinoderm and chordate characteristics. Echinodate characteristics in naval phase, chordate characteristics in their adult phase.
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Phylum Chordata
Large phylum that includes humans
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Subphylum Uchordata
Sea squirts. Squirt water if squeaked. Covered in a tunic made from a type of cellulose.
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What makes sea squirts special
Only chordates that reproduce asexually and sexually, don't have a proper body cavity and don't have excretory organs.
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Earliest true vertebrate
Sea squirts
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Evolution of vertebrates from invertebrates
Gill slits and dorsal nerve chord evolved first. Notochord and postanal tail evolved in sea squirts.
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Garstang Hypotheiss
Development of sexual maturity in non-metamorphosing animals may provide immediate photo-chordate ancestors.
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Subphylum Cephalochordata
Always show four main characteristics of vertebrates.
