Sem 1 Exam Flashcards
(254 cards)
1
Q
What is a polyphyletic group
A
A group composed of organism in which the most recent common ancestor is not included.
2
Q
Give an example of a polyphyletic group
A
Sea animals, as they do not all have a common ancestor
3
Q
What is a monophyletic group
A
A group composed of all descendants
4
Q
What is a paraphyletic group
A
All descendents of an ancestor is not included i.e incomplete clade
5
Q
Difference between the terms sessile and motile
A
Sessile means not moving, motile means moving
6
Q
Phylum; Porifera
A
Sponges
7
Q
What is the osclum in a sponge?
A
The opening in which water exits the sponge
8
Q
What is the ostium in a sponge?
A
The tiny openings over the sponge that draw in water
9
Q
Name the four types of cells found in sponges
A
Epidermal cells
Chonocytes
Porocytes
Amoebocytes
10
Q
Function of epidermal cells in sponge?
A
Outside of sponge
11
Q
Function of choanocyte cells in sponge
A
Unicellular, have flagellum to move water
12
Q
Function of porocytes cells in sponge
A
Cell with the purpose of being a hole
13
Q
Function of amoebocytes cells in sponge
A
Can move round. Gives the sponge defence and supppot
14
Q
What are spicules made up from
A
Silica and calcium carbonate (spongin)
15
Q
What are spicules
A
Produced from ameobocytes, help with digestion, support, defence.
16
Q
How do sponges reproduce
A
They are sequential hermaphrodites. Amoebocytes turn into egg cells or sperm cells.
17
Q
The relationship between sponges and algae
A
Some sponges have algae which feed off the nitrogenous waste and supply the sponge with nutrients. This leads to bright colours.
18
Q
Phylum; Cnidaria
A
Jellyfish, corals, hydra, bluebottles,
19
Q
Difference between polyps and medusa
A
Polyps are sessile, medusa are motile
20
Q
What does dimorphic mean
A
Can be polyp or medusa
21
Q
Are Cnidarians diploblastic?
A
Yes, it means they have two cell layers.
22
Q
What does diploblastic mean?
A
Two cell layers. Outside is the epidermal, gut lining is the endoderm.
23
Q
What are the different Cnidarian cell types
A
Epithelio muscular cells
Sensory and nerve cells
Interstitial cells
Cnidocytes
24
Q
Purpose of interstitial cells in cnidarians?
A
Unspecialised, can repair damage landform into different cell types.
25
Explain the process of cnidocytes in cnidarians?
Stinging cells.
A trigger triggers an influx of water, bursting the capsule.
Nematocyst shoots out, barbs bore into target.
26
Cnidarian movement
Muscle shortening and lengthening. They have a fixed volume of fluid in a. closed container, in which they push against it.
27
Explain the statocyst cell in Cnidarians
Gravity detecting cell
28
How do Cnidarians feed?
Catch food with tentacles.
29
What are the three classes of Cnidarians?
Hydrozoa - Hydras and polyps
Cubozoa
Anthozoa - Corals
30
What is triploblastic?
Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
31
Difference between elimination and excretion?
Elimination is expulsion of digested food waste, excretion is expulsion of metabolic waste products.
32
Phylum; Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
33
Characteristics of Platyhelminthes
Heads, triploblastic, no circulatory and respiratory system.
34
What are the three classes of Platyhelminthes?
Turbellaria - plaria
Trematoda - Flukes
Cestoda - Tapeworm
35
Class Turbellaria; Characteristics
```
Terrestrial/ fresh water / marine
Carnivorous
Hermaphroditic
Internal fertilisation
Totipotet cells
```
36
Class Trematoda and Cestoda
Parasitic
Two hosts
Juveniles develop in the intermediate host
37
Explain the life cycle for Schistosoma
```
Adults get into veins around intestine
Get into a host
Eggs released in faeces
Eggs hatch infects snail
Asexually reproduces and escapes into water
```
38
Phylum; Mollusca
Snails and slugs
39
What is the shell made up of in a snail
CaCO3
40
What are. the radula in snails?
Teeth
41
How does a snail consume food?
Jaw ups of pice, radula grates it up.
42
What is in the mantle cavity of snails?
Respiratory pore, gills or lungs, heart, kidney and anus
43
Explain the difference between the respiratory system of flatworms and molluscs
Flatworms use their skin for gas exchanged. Molluscs have gills or lungs that are compartmentalised.
44
What is special about mollusc circulatory systems?
```
Mollusc blood is haemolyph
Contains hemocyanin (two copper ions)
```
45
Class Gastropoda
Snails, slugs and nudibranchs
46
What is torsion in snails?
When there is movement of mantle cavity. The body twists 180 degrees and is caused by even muscle growth.
47
What is spermatophore
package of sperm surrounded by a protective coating.
48
What is spermatheca
The container in female reproductive system that stores sperm.
49
Class; Polyplacophora
Chitons
50
Characteristics of Polyplacophora
8 dorsal plates
Oval body
Radula eas algae
Strong foot for attachment
51
Class Bivalvia
Clams, muscles, oysters
52
Class; Cephalopoda
Squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus and ammonites
53
Characteristics of Cephalopoda
Active predators, mantle cavity used for movement. Can learn and teach
54
How does Cephalopoda move?
Water goes over the gills, through siphon. Siphon steers and sues jet propulsion.
55
Order; Teuthida
Squids
56
Order; Octopoda
Octopus
57
Order; Sepiida
Cuttlefish
58
Order; Nautilida
Nautilus
59
Order; Ammonitida
Ammonites
60
Phylum; Annelida
Segmented worms
61
Annelida characteristics
Triploblastic
| Gut runs through whole animal
62
Class; Oligochaeta
Earthworms
63
Characteristics of Oligochaeta
Aerate soil
Hermaphroditic
Reduced Head
Reduced parapodia
64
Oligochaeta reproduction
Mutual sperm transfer
Transfers sperm into other worms spermatheca
Cocoon secreted from clitellum moves forward and releases 10 to 20 eggs
65
Circulatory system of Oligochaeta
```
Dorsal vessel, ventral vessel.
Wrapping vessels in each segment
Dorsal vessel is pumping blood forward
Ventral vessel has blood moving backwards
Surface respiration
```
66
Classs; Polychaeta
Bristle worms, tube worms
67
Class; Hirdinea
Leeches
68
Characteristics of Hirudinea
```
Parasitic
No Chaetae
Mostly fresh water
32 segments
Anterior and posterior suckers
Secrete anaesthetic hirudin
```
69
Phylum; Athropoda
Insects and spiders
70
Three tagmata
Insects have three tagmata
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
71
Tagmata of arachnids
Cehalothorax and abdomen
72
Exoskeleton of athropoda
Made ofr chitin and protein
| Rigid or flexible
73
Functions of exoskeleton
Provides protection, muscles attachment, protection from desiccation
74
What is chitin made from
Cellulsoe
75
Explain the joints of arthropods
Hollow tubes of chitin
| Internal muscles
76
What is ecdysis
Essential for growth since chitin doesn't grow
| Growth is in steps
77
Explain the open circulator system of arthropods
Organs bathed in blood
Blood leaves hart in Cartier's; into haemocoel
Back into heart through Ostia in heart wall
78
Arachnids and book lungs
Have lungs that have pages with a pore that air fills
79
Sub phylum; Chelcieriformes
Arachnids, scorpions, spiders
80
Class; Arachnida
Ticks, crabs, spiders, scorpions
81
Order Acari
Ticks and mites
82
Order Xiphosura
Horseshoe crabs
83
Order Araneidae
Spiders
84
Order Scorpions
Scorpions
85
Pedipalps
Pincers in scorpions, arms in spiders
86
Chelicerae
Poison gland
87
Ho do spiders eat?
Spit out digestive enzymes
88
How do spiders produce silk?
Silk gland proces liquid silk
Tubes to spinnerets (tubes remove water)
Thick liquid silk arrives at spinnerets
Hardens when pulled out of spinneret
89
Class; Diplopoda
Millipedes and centipedes
90
Subphylum; Hexapoda
Springtails, insects
91
Difference between millipedes and centipedes
Millipedes have two pairs of eggs per diplosegment
| Centipedes have 1 pair of legs per segment
92
Characteristics of insecta
3 pairs of legs
2 pairs off wings
Compound eyes
93
How do fleas jump?
Resilin ball between thorax and back leg
As muscles contract their squish the resin ball
Catch holds it in a cocked position
When released it is 140G
94
Difference between dragonflies and damselflies
Dragonflies have wings horizontal at rest; damselflies wigs are vertical at rest
95
Phylum; Echinodermata
Starfish
96
Explain the anatomy of tube feet in echinodermata
They have ampulla, podium and valves
97
What is the purpose of Ampulla?
Muscles around fluid filled bulb
98
What is the purpose of podium?
Extendable fluid filled tube with sucker like tip
99
Purpose of valves in tube feet?
Sealed volume of fluid
100
Explain the process of extension and gripping with tube feet?
Valves close, ampulla muscles contract, fluid forced into podium, podium elongated, suckers attach.
101
Explain the process of retraction g with tube feet?
Suckers release, muscles relax, fluid flows back into the ampulla, podium retracts and bends
102
Explain the eating process for a starfish
Eat mussels, using tube feet they pry the mussel open and spit in digestive enzymes so its killed and fully opens up.
103
What is pentaradiate symmetry
Form of radial symmetry based on a plan of five
104
What symmetry d starfish have
Pentaradiate symmetry
| Larvae have bilaterally symmetry
105
Class; Asteroida
Starfish / sea stars
106
Characteristics of Asteroidea
Can't be killed by chopping them up
| Five arms
107
Explain the feeding habits of starfish
Most eat bivalves, some species eat corals.
108
How do starfish eat oral?
Evert stomach onto oral, digest polyps and suck up juice.
109
Gender difference between starfish?
Can be male or female, with gonads in one fo the feet
110
Class; Holothuroidea
Sea cucumbers
111
Class; Concentricycloidea
Sea daisies
112
Class; Echinoidea
Sea urchins
113
Characteristics of Echinoidea
Tube feet
Pedicellaria
Mouth
114
Explain the defence mechanism of Echinoidea
Spines are movable due to ball and socket joints. This also allows them to walk
115
Explain the reproduction process for echinodea
External fertilisation.
| Asexual reproduction is rage
116
How do echinodea excrete?
Amoeboid cells absorb waste and jump off
117
Phylum; Hemichordata
Acorn worms
118
Characteristics of Hemichordata
Marine
Intertidal
Sedentary
Show echinoderm and chordate characteristics
119
What makes a chordate a chordate?
Dorsal tubular nerve chord
Notochord
Pharyneal pouches and gill slits
Postanal tails
120
Explain why hemichordate are not really the vertebrates
They only have gill slits and dorsal tubular nerve chord
121
Subphylum; Utchordata
In the phylum chordata
| Sea squirts
122
Characteristics of sea squirts?
Covered in a tunic made from cellulose
| Notochord in the tail
123
Explain the evolution of vertebrates from invertebrates
Gill slits and dorsal nerve chord evolved first
Notochord and postnatal tail evolved in the larval stage of sea squirt like animals
All vertebrates descended from the larva of a sea squirt
124
Subphylum; Cephalochordata
Lancelets
| From phylum of chordate
125
Explain the characteristics of cephalochordate
5 to 7cm long
126
What are Agatha
Jawless vertebrates
127
Gnathostomata
All other vertebrates
128
Class; Myxini
Hagfish
129
Characteristics of Myxini
Produce slime
Jawless
Live at deep sea depths
Are in osmotic equilibrium with water
130
Explain the feeding habits of Myxini
Marine scavengers, feed and eat or dying fish
131
Explain the reproductive biology of Myxini
Both male and female gonads are found in the same animal, but only functional with direct development
132
How many hearts does a hagfish have?
3
133
Class; Cephalapidomorphi
Lampreys
| Phylum Chordata
134
Characteristics of cephalapidomorphi
Jawless
Fresh and brackish water
Breeds in rivers
Parasitic to fish
135
Why did jaws evolve?
Biting is useful for feeding
| Teeth make a good weapon
136
How did jaws evolve?
Evoled form a modification of the first pair of gill arches
| This was called the mandibular arch
137
What are placoderm fish?
Plate skin fish
| No teeth just bony plates
138
Characteristics of sharks and rays
No bone tissue
| Skeleton is all cartilage
139
How many gill slits in shark
5 to 7 pairs
140
Sharks and swim bladders
Have no swim bladder so they sink
141
How do sharks and rays locate prey?
Using bio electricity
| Can also use this to detect currents
142
How do great with sharks retain heat?
Using deep red muscle activity rather than loosing it through the gills
143
Where are bio electricity receptors located on sharks and rays?
Located in pits on their south
144
Class; Actinopterygii
Ray finned fishes
| Bony fish
145
What is the most diverse group of vertebrates?
Actinopterygii
146
Why are actinopterygii so successful?
Evolution of an operculum which increases the respiratory efficiency due to negative pressure
Two pairs of ventral fins - More range of motion
Great diversity in body form - In nearly every aquatic habitat
147
Order Coelacanthinformes
Coelacanth
148
Order; Dipnoi
Lungfishes
149
Characteristics of Dipnoi
```
Have true lungs
Share characteristics with amphibians
Can survive drought
Need air to breath
Can walk between ponds
```
150
Who are the ancestor of terrestrial vertebrates?
Lungfish
151
What are the issues Tod eat with in a terrestrial environment?
Oxygen is 20 times more abundant in air
Air is 100x less buoyant
Larger temperature fluctuations
Large habitat diversity
152
Characteristics of Lissamphibias
Bony skeleton
Usually four limbs
Smooth and moist skin
Lungs
153
Order; Caudata
Salamanders and Newts
154
Characteristics of Caudata
Locomotion f living amphibians
Four limbs
Internal fertilisation
Carnivorous
155
Breeding biology of salamanders
Most have a form of internal fertilisation
Use spermatophores
Most are direct developers
156
Order; Gymnophiona
Caecilians
157
Characteristics of Gymnophona
```
No legs
Found in tropics
Only living amphibians with dermal scales
Adults lack gills
Blind
Burrowing feeders
Sit and wait predators
```
158
Breeding biology of caecilians
Internal fertilisation
| Male has copulatory organ
159
What does viviparous mean?
Embryo is inside parent
160
Explain caecillians being viviparous
Developing young use special foetal teeth and chew on continuously regenerating oviduct lining
161
Order; Anura
Frogs
162
What are the four morphotypes of frogs
Semiaquatic
Terrestrial
Burrowers
Aboreal
163
Semiaquatic frogs
Streamlined, pointed sea, slim body, webbed feet
164
Terrestrial frogs
Heavy bodies, short legs, crawl rather than hop
165
Burrowers
Even more stout, strong limbs
166
Aboreal
Long legs, slim waist and blunt head
167
Difference between frogs and toads?
Toads are frogs with rougher skin and can endure dryer environments
168
Th three respiration surfaces of frogs
Lungs
Mouth (buccal breathing)
Skin (cutaneous breathing)
169
Explain skin characteristics of frogs
Skin is very thin and moist
Toads have keratin for hardness
Skin is highly glandular with mucous glands and serous glands
170
Explain the skeletal system of frogs
Zygopophyses on vertebrates to stop lateral flexion
Rear vertebrae fused into a rod
Powerful pelvis
171
Breeding biology of frogs
External fertilisation
Eggs must be moist
Embryos go through larval stage and then metamorphose into adult stage
5% survival
172
Order; Testudines
Turtles
173
Major characteristics of testudines
```
No teeth
Trunk encased in shell
Layers of keratin are laid down beneath as turtle grows
10 turns vertebrae
Poor hearing
Internal fertilisation
Temperature dependent sex determination
```
174
Order; Squamata
Reptiles
175
Characteristics of squamata
Diapsid skull with two temporal openings
176
Suborder; Amphisbaenia
Legless squamates
177
Characteristics of Amphisbaenia
```
Burrowers
Similar to earthworms
One lung
Annuli rings
Can move forward and backwords
```
178
Suborder; Lacertillia
Lizards
179
Characteristics of Lacertillia
```
Extremely diverse
Movable eyelids
External ear
Tail autonomy
Parental care is rare
```
180
What are the four major groups of lizards??
Iguanids
Geckos
Skinks
Anguiniphorphs
181
Iguanids
Iguaas and chameleons
182
Anguiniphorphs
Goannas an Gila monster
183
Characteristics of snakes
```
No limbs
Inner ear
No movable eyelids
Have a vomeronasal organ
Highly kinetic skull
Move by lateral undulation
```
184
Proteroglyphous
Front fanged snake
185
Opisthoglyphous
Rear fanged snake
186
Solenoglyphous
Folded front fanged snak
187
Aglyphous
Non venomous
188
Suborder; Archosaura
Crocodiles and alligators
189
Family; Crocodylidae
Crocodiles
190
Family; Alligatoridae
Alligators and caiman
191
Family; Gavialidae
Gharials
192
Characteristics of crocodiles
Cranial pneumatic system
Valve at base of tongue to seal mouth from nasal passage
Valved nostrils
Transparent third eyelid
193
Explain crocodile skin
Thick scaly skin with numerous large osteoderms
194
Explain crocodile buoyancy
```
M manipulation of air in lungs
Have gastroliths (stomach stones)
```
195
What are the four hypothesis of feathers evolving from scales
1: Arose a heat retaining method
2: Arose to protect cold blooded dinosaurs from heat
3: Arose to attract mates
4: As a net to catch insects
196
Where did wings originate from?
Archaeopteryx lithographica
197
Explain how the Archaeopteryx could not fly
Did not have sternum
No air sacs
Bones in wings were not fused
198
Two models for the development of flight
Aboreal Model
| Cursorial model
199
What is the Aboreal Model?
Flight involving the downward beating of wings evolved from gliding.
This evolved from animals that climbed and leaped.
Assumes the Archaeopteryx were able to climb trues which is true.
200
What is the Cursorial Model?
Flight arose among bipedal animals making jumps and flapping their forelegs.
201
Major characteristics of birds
```
Feathers
Forelimbs modified for flying
Ossified skeleton
No teeth
Warm blooded
All birds lay eggs
```
202
What were the two major adaption for bird flight?
Increase in power and decrease in weight
203
How have birds evolved to increase in power?
```
Warm blooded is more efficient
Larger heart and BPM
High metabolism
Greater fusion of bones
Low centre of gravity
Feathers anchored to skeleton
```
204
Explain the efficient respiration system of birds
Most efficient respiratory system of any vertebrate
| Air sacs, allowing air to pass over lungs twice.
205
How have birds evolved to decrease weight?
Hollow bones
Skeleton weighs less than the feathers
No bladder
One large egg at a time
206
Explain the mechanics for bird flight
Wings for lift and support
| Tail for steering
207
Why do birds migrate
Increases amount fo space for breeding and feeding
Reduces territorial behaviour
Fewer predators
Favour homeostasis
208
How do birds migrate?
Navigate by sight, sun, stars and Earth's gravitational field
209
What are Altrical birds?
Birds that need care
210
What are the three groups of Mammalia?
Monotremes
Marsupials
Eutherians
211
Major characteristics of mammal
```
Body covered with har
Has glands
Endothermic
Large brain
Placenta
4 chambered heart
Highly social
Skull and skeleton
7 cervical vertebrae
```
212
What are some Monotremes?
Platypus
| Echnida
213
What are some unique characteristics of monotremes?
No nipples
No vagina
Males have a venomous spur on each ankle
214
Marsupial examples
Kangaroo
| Wallabee
215
Explain reproduction for marsupials
Females have a pouch that encloses the nipples
Young are in a pouch
Suckling is continuous
Marsupial gestation is followed by lactation
216
Difference between eutherian and marsupial gestation and lactation periods
Marsupials have short gestation period but long lactation period. Eutherian is the opposite.
217
Four major groups of Australian marsupials?
Darsyuromorphia (devils)
Peramelemorphia (bandicoots)
Diprotodontia (possums, koala)
Notoryctemorphia (mole)
218
What does gastrodemris mean?
Inner lining for cells in gastric tract
219
What is the gastrovascular cavity?
The cavity inside anemone body that is water filled.
220
What are the three cell layers to a jellyfish?
Gastrodermis is in the inside
Mesoglea in the middle
Epidermis is the outside
221
Statocyst
Gravity detection cell in which. all rolls around and touch share inside the cell
222
What are zooxanthellae
Golden brown algae
223
Explain global warming and its effect on corals
Temperature increases causes corals to drive out algae and leads to bleaching
224
What does cilia mean in platyhelminthes
On the outside of flatworms are little hairs called cilia that help them move or stick
225
What is cephalisation
Where brain and sensory organs are at the front of the animal, such as in flatworms
226
What is a totipotent cell?
A cell capable of fertilisation and individual by itself
227
Taenia solium
Pig human tapeworm
228
Life cycle of taenia solium
Intermediate host is pig. Cysts are formed in muscle tissue,
When eaten meat with cysts in can live in human gut for 1 to 12 metres long.
Causes cysticercosis when human eat faeces wth eggs
229
Spongocoel
The internal cavity of the sponge
230
What is an amniotic egg?
An air breathing egg
231
What are craniates
Vertebrates with a skull of hardline or cartiledge
232
Diapsids
A group of tetrapods that developed two holes in their skull either side.
233
Synapids
Skull with a single opening such as humans
234
Osteichthyans
Bony fish
235
What defines a tetrapod?
Have limbs homologous to those of fleshy finned fishes
236
What structures was the first vertebrate jaws derived from?
The pharyngeal arches supporting the gills of jawless fish.
237
What is the operculum
The bony flap that covers the gills
238
What are amniotes
Fully terrestrial vertebrates
239
Are amniotes monophyletic?
Yes, unlike reptiles they are fully monophyletic.
240
What is the Jacobson organ?
In snakes, used for processing and communicating chemical messengers.
241
What is the similarity between crocodilian and mammalian skulls?
Secondary Palate. This is the bone that seperate the nose from the mouth.
242
What is the major difference between the Actinopterygii and the Sarcopterygii?
Sarcopteryggi have lobbed fines while Actinopterygii have ray fins.
243
Eutharians vs marsupials?
Eutherian males have a venomous spur. Eutharians do not have a pouch.
Marsupials have a longer lactation period while Eutharians have a longer gestation period.
244
Explain the bird and reptilian characteristics of Archaeopteryx
```
Had teeth like reptiles.
Had a flat sternum unlike birds.
Had a bone tail
No hollow bones
No sternum
```
245
Name some diapsid animals?
Reptiles, lizards, crocodilians.
246
Explain the Urochordata and chordate similarities and differences?
Only chordate that reproduces asexually and sexually.
Only chordate that does not have a proper body cavity.
Has no excretion, just uses diffusion.
247
What is the earliest true vertebrate?
Urochordata (sea squirts)
248
When are vertebrate characteristics evident in Urochordata.
Only in larval form. The notochord and postnatal tail are lost after metamorphosis.
249
What is a urostyle
Rear vertebrae that is fused into a rod. Unique to frogs.
250
What are features of Archaeopteryx that are displayed in modern birds?
Scales on legs
Medially fused clavicles
Bipedle
Feathers identical
251
Could Archaeopteryx fly?
No sternum.
Nor air sacs
Bones in wings not fused well.
252
Vomeronasal organ
Present in snakes, is a social organ.
253
What allows snakes to have a highly kinetic jaw?
Quadrate bone
254
Difference between serous and mucous glands?
Serous are venomous
| Mucous secrete protective waterproofing.
