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Microbiology > Chap 1 > Flashcards

Chap 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Unit of DNA that encodes for something

A

gene

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2
Q

Characteristics of Micro organisms

A

SMALL, typically unicellular; possible live in colony w/ other cellular organisms

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3
Q

Cell theory

A

all livings things are composed of one or more cells, cells are basic unit of life, and living things arise from pre-existing cells

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4
Q

Biogenesis

A

production of living things from other living things; opposes spontaneous generation

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5
Q

Process where high heat is applied for short period of time, concept generated by Louis Pasteur

A

Pasteurization

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6
Q

Scientific method

A

process of formulating a testable explanation for a question, experimenting the hypothesis & drawing conclusions based on the results

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7
Q

Normal Microbiome

A

group of microoragnisms that colonize body surfaces & usually dont cause disease

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8
Q

Microbiome

A

community of microoragnisms & their genetic info in a given environment

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9
Q

A disease causing microbe

A

Pathogen

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10
Q

Emerging infectious diseases

A

Disease that is increasing in incidence/ geographic range

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11
Q

Category of related organisms; 1st part of scientific name

A

Genus

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12
Q

Group of closely related strains; basic unit of taxonomy; italicized

A

Species

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13
Q

3 Domains of Living Organisms

A

Bacteria, Archeae, Eukarya

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14
Q

Bacteria classified as

A

single cell prokaryotes w/ peptidoglycan in their cell walls

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15
Q

Main types of bacteria

A

Cocci & rods

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16
Q

Other shapes of bacteria

A

Spirilla, Vibrios, Spirochets

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17
Q

Archea classified as

A

single cell prokaryotes that look like bacteria, but have no peptidoclycan; grow in extreme environments

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18
Q

Eukarya classified as

A

eurkaryotes

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19
Q

Eukaryote examples include

A

Fungi, Algae, Protozoa

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20
Q

Contain chitin in their cell wall & use organic compounds as food; range in sizes from yeast to multicellular molds

A

Fungi

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21
Q

Have simple reproductive structures & no organized vascular system; Use sunlight as energy source

A

Algae

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22
Q

Motile, single cell organism that also use organic compounds as food

A

Protozoa

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23
Q

Acelluar Infectious Agents include (nonliving microbes w/ no cells)

A

Viruses, Viroids, Prions

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24
Q

Acellular microbe that consists of either RNA or DNA . has protein coat, infect & stay in host cells, and use their machinery to replicate

A

Virus

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25
Consists of single RNA, no protein coat, infects hosts cell & use their machinery to replicate; usually cause plant disease
Viroids
26
Consists of ONLY protein; no DNA, no RNA that causes misfolded versions of normal cellular protein (usually found in brain)
Prions
27
"patho"
DISEASE
28
"encephalo"
BRAIN
29
How do we classify/ identify minute differences in a species ?
Grouping them into strains
30
Prokaryotes DO NOT "before nuts"
have membrane bound nucleus
31
Eurkaryotes HAVE "true nuts"
Membrane bound nucleus & organelles
32
Examples of Micro organisms
Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Multicellular Animal Parasites
33
Who made the first observations that living things were composed of cells?
Robert Hooke, 1600s
34
Arguments against spontaneous regeneration like Cell theory/ Biogenesis was discovered & introduced by
R. Virchow, 1800s
35
Cell Theory also represents
Biogenesis
36
Who was responsible for the first observation of microbes by studying rain water and kicking off the community's interest in cell theory?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
37
Belief that organism can arise from non living matter, believed until mid 19th century
Spontaneous Generation
38
Experiment with meat and jars that showed cloth prevented flies from laying eggs on meat, but not how microbes could still exist/enter the jar & did not convince the community to change spontaneous generation beliefs
Franciso Redi
39
This scientist supported spontaneous generation and his experiments assumed boiling broth kills any living thing inside, and if it appeared, must be bc of spontaneous generation
John Needham
40
This scientist opposed Needham's by repeating his experiment, BOILED LONGER AND SEALED FLASKS, so life's vital forces would not get in. However, ppl believe the heat killed vital forces so it was not accepted
Father Spallanzani
41
Louis Pasteur's swan neck flask experiment concluded
microbes already exist in air, as his flasks kept microbes out, but let the air in
42
Louis Pasteur exposed the microbes can both
be present in non living matter (solid, liquids and air) and killed by heat
43
Aseptic techniques prevents
contamination of unwanted microbes
44
Key DISCOVERIES in Golden Age of Microbiology
Vaccination, Germ Theory , Pasteurization and Fermentation
45
Conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine, process originated by
Fermentation, Louis Pasteur
46
Louis Pasteur developed microbial techniques for
PRESERVING FOOD and LIQUID
47
Theory that microbes/ microoraganisms can cause disease
Germ Theory of Disease
48
The idea that microorganisms may cause disease
Germ Theory of Disease
49
This scientists showed silkworm disease was caused by fungus
Agnostio Bassi, 1800s
50
Dr who promoted hand washing to prevent fever amongst OB patients (pioneer of antiseptic procedure)
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
51
Dr who used chemical disinfectant like carbolic acid to prevent surgical wound infections
Joseph Lister
52
Proved bacteria caused negative effects of anthrax
R. Koch
53
Purpose of Koch's postulates
Prove specific microbes causes specific disease
54
This person found a way to protect ppl from smallpox (essentially created start of vaccines)
Edward Jenner 1700s
55
Protection is aka
IMMUNITY/ VACCINATION
56
Benefits of Microorganisms include
Nitrogen fixation, oxygen production, breakdown of materials (sewage, cellulose and wastewater)
57
Example of micro organisms in food production
Baking bread using yeast, fermentation to make alcohol or dairy
58
Examples of micro organisms in genetic engineering
intro of genes to another organism, diseases resistant plants, production of medications (insulin/diabetes)
59
Role of normal human microbiome
prevent diseases by competing with harmful microbes, help digestion, promote immune systems, can decrease allergies, affect brain chemistry and weight
60
Vaccines have nearly eradicated
smallpox, plague death, polio
61
Example of infectious disease in non human population
Irish Potato famine, english foot and mouth disease, wheat blast
62
Emerging Infectious Disease Example
Ebola, Zika, FLu, Lyme, AIDS, Mad Cow, Malaria, Tuberculosis
63
All Living Things Classified in 3 Domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
64
Who DOES NOT have peptidoglycan got in their cell wall?
Archaea and Eukarya
65
Who Has membrane bound organelles?
Eukarya
66
Who DOES NOT have membrane bound organelles?
Bacteria and Archaea
67
What comes first, capitalized & Italizicized?
Genus
68
WHat comes after genus, lower cases, and italicized?
Species
69
Binomial Nomenclature to identify organisms composed of
Genus & Species
70
groups of species that are genetically related but differ in some way
Genus
71
Specific name of organism that differentiates it from others in genus
Species
72
Classification of living things to establish relationships of orgranism in one group to another
Taxonomy
73
Prokaryotes are known as ________ because members of same species are genetically all identical to one another
clones
74
Population of cells that have derived from single parent
Clones
75
Identical cells are considered what kind of culture?
Pure culture
76
Groups of species that are genetically related but differ in some way identified by #s, letters or names followed by species name __________
Strains
77
Microbial Nomenclature Order
Genus. Species. Strain
78
Bacteria Characteristics
Single Celled, prokaryotes, most have specific shapes, most use flagella , multiple by binary fission, have wide energy source, cells of same species usually one shape
79
How do prokaryotes multiply?
Binary Fission
80
Bacteria Shapes?
Coccus, Rods (Bacillus), Vibrio, Spirillum, Spriochette, Pleomorphic
81
Arachaea Characteristics
Single celled prokaryotes, cell wall has NO peptidoglycan, many exist/ have extreme environments
82
Eukarya Characteristics
have nucleus, membrane bound organelles, more complex, members are fungi , algae, protozaoa
83
Parasitic worm, type of eurkarya
Helminth
84
Groups of differences in a pure culture
Strain
85
Microbial World Relation Tree
86
Microbial Nomenclature Example
87
Bacterial shape?
Coccus (C for Circle)
88
Bacterial Shape?
Rods (Bacillus)
89
Bacterial Shape?
Vibrio
90
Bacterial Shape
Spirillum
91
Bacterial Shape?
Spirochette
92
Prokaryotes do not have a ________ but instead have a ________ where genetic material is kept.
membrane brand nucleus, nucleoid

Microbiology (42 decks)

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