Chapter 3- Prokaryotic Cell

Question 1

Prokaryotic cytoplasmic/ cell membrane

Answer 1

phospholipid bilayer embedded w/ proteins that serve many functions; selectively permeable & the few compounds that pass do via simple diffusion

Question 2

Converting the energy of food/sunlight into ATP takes place where in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 2

Cell Membrane- play important role in energy transformation

Question 3

a form of passive transport that does not require energy and moves substance down a concentration gradient (high to low concentrations)

Answer 3

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 4

moves substances against concentration gradient and requires ATP/energy (from low to high concentration/ upstream) mainly used by prokaryotes

Answer 4

Active Transport

Question 5

strong, mesh like macromolecule that provides strength and rigidity to cell wall and only found in bacteria

Answer 5

Peptidoglycan

Question 6

These prokaryotic cell walls contain a layer of peptidoglycan and their structural arrangement distinguishes two main groups of bacteria

Answer 6

Gram Negative (thin) Gram Postive (Thick)

Question 7

Peptidoglycan is exclusive to

Answer 7

Bacteria only

Question 8

Peptidoglycan contains

Answer 8

alternating subunits of NAM and NAG that are closely related to glucose

Question 9

Gram Positive Cell Wall (Positively THICK WIDDDIT)

Answer 9

thick layer of peptidoglycan w/ many interconnected glycan chains; within peptidoglycan are TEICHOIC ACIDS that project out of the peptidoglycan

Question 10

Teichoic Acids role in Gram Positive Cells

Answer 10

negatively charged chains where various sugars attach

Question 11

Gram Negative Cell Wall (To be too THIN is Negative)

Answer 11

thin layer of peptidoglycan where periplasm fills space between peptidoglycan and outer membrane

Question 12

Outer Membrane of Gram NEGATIVE cell

Answer 12

made up of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which is an endotoxin bc it can alert the body if it has been exposed to gram negative bacteria (significant amount of LPS can be deadly)

Question 13

responsible for gram staining after trying to identify cause of pneumonia and bacterias stained unequally

Answer 13

Dr. Christian Gram

Question 14

Purpose of gram staining

Answer 14

to identify two major groups of bacteria according to cell wall struture/chemistry

Question 15

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria/archaea)

Answer 15

small size, allows rapid growth, rapid uptake of nutrients, prone to predators & competitors

Question 16

Eukarya (Protozoa, Fungi, Algae)

Answer 16

have nucleus, large, have membrane bound organelles

Question 17

How do most prokaryotes divide?

Answer 17

By Binary Fission, and usually stick together following division

Question 18

Example of bacteria that lacks a cell wall bc it contains sterols (only SOME lack cell wall)

Answer 18

Mycoplasma; not affected by penicillin or lysozymes

Question 19

Cell envelope of prokaryotes incluse

Answer 19

plasma membrane, cell wall and capsule (if present)

Question 20

Within cell envelope, there is cytoplasm, which houses

Answer 20

the nucleoid

Question 21

Nucleoid

Answer 21

Gel like region that contains the cell’s DNA/ chromosomes (not membrane bound)

Question 22

Prokaryotic cells contain

Answer 22

Cell envelope (tree parts), Cytoplasm, Nucleoid, Other appendages that help with motility and ability to attach to other

Question 23

Cytoplasmic Membrane Structure

Answer 23

Phospholipid bilayer w/ Hydrophilic Head Hydrophobic tail

Question 24

What can pass freely through plasma membrane of a prokaryote cell?

Answer 24

Small hydrophobic substances, O2 , CO2 , N2, water (w/ aquaporins);

Question 25

Movement from HIGH to LOW concentrations

Answer 25

Simple diffusion

Question 26

Net movement of water through semi permeable membrane

Answer 26

Osmosis

Question 27

Water flows from ________ to ________ solution

Answer 27

hypotonic ; hypertonic

Question 28

No net water movement occurs in this solution

Answer 28

Isotonic

Question 29

HYPO

Answer 29

less

Question 30

HYPER

Answer 30

More

Question 31

TONIC

Answer 31

solute

Question 32

Water moves towards _______ solution

Answer 32

Hypertonic (high solute)

Question 33

A cell will shrink in a ________ solution (get small when the crowd is hype)

Answer 33

Hypertonic

Question 34

A cell will swell in a __________ solution

Answer 34

hypotonic

Question 35

Cell Wall made up of

Answer 35

Peptidoglycan

Question 36

Lipopolysaccharides (an endotoxin)

Answer 36

found in Gram Negative Cell walls; help the bacteria survive in guts of animals; can detect presence of Gram Negative bacteria in humans

Question 37

Interference with peptidoglycan

Answer 37

can weaken cell wall & cause cell to burts

Question 38

What (substances) interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis?

Answer 38

Penicillin; Lysozymes as they break bonds linking glycan chains; more effective on Gram Positive Cell walls as they have thick layer of peptidoglycan

Question 39

Acid fast bacterias

Answer 39

resist decolorization by acids in staining procedures due to wax like nature of mycolic acid cell wall

Question 40

Cell walls of archaea are various and do not contain

Answer 40

peptidoglycan

Question 41

gel like layers outside cell wall that protects or allows attachments

Answer 41

capsules (gel like) / slime layers (irregular/diffused)

Question 42

Capsules and slime layers can allow cells to grow _______ and help bacteria do what?

Answer 42

Biofilm; evade host's immune system

Question 43

This glycocaly TIGHTLY bound to cell wall helps cells act as pathogens and protects cells against phagocytosis by host

Answer 43

Capsule

Question 44

This glycocalyx is LOOSELY attached to cell wall and important component of biofilms (slimes mad loose)

Answer 44

Slime Layer

Question 45

Prokaryotic Appendages that provide motility & attachments

Answer 45

Fimbriae, Pili, Flagela

Question 46

Flagella involved in ______; and allows cell to

Answer 46

MOTILITY; move on its own

Question 47

Flagella Types (peri, mono, amphi, lopho)

Answer 47

Peritrichous (all over cell) ; Polar (mono- at one end) (amphi (at both ends); lopho (tuft of hair at ONE end)

Question 48

Motility of bacterium to move toward favorable and away from unfavorable conditions is a process called (thumbs up to hail this)

Answer 48

Taxis (Multiple types)

Question 49

When bacterias sense chemicals and move accordingly

Answer 49

CHEMOtaxis

Question 50

Used for attachment rather than movement; allows cells to adhere to body surfaces; shorter, can occur in bunch

Answer 50

fimbriae

Question 51

used for motility and transfer of DNA; longer and fewer; gliding movements; makes power strokes; DNA transfer (conjugation)

Answer 51

Pili

Question 52

chromosomes form this gel like structure; has single circular double stranded DNA

Answer 52

nucleoid

Question 53

small, structures that do not encode DNA, and antibiotic resistance can spread this way

Answer 53

Plasmids

Question 54

dormant, extremely resistant type of cell produced by bacteria found everywhere. Can germinates to become vegetative & multiply

Answer 54

Endospores