Chapter 2 Flashcards by Liah Lee

What is an atom?

basic unit of matter composed of electrons, protons, neutrons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Negative charged component of atom

Electron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Positively charged component of atom

Proton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

UNcharged component of atom found in nucleus

Neutron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are atoms distinguished?

By atomic #

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What makes up the atomic #?

of protons in nucleus of atom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What makes up mass #?

of protons and neutrons in nucleus of atom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These are located within nucleus of element

protons and neutron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Located outside nucleus of an element

Electrons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What determines chemical reactivity of an atom?

Electrons, mainly the valence electrons on outer shell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Form of SAME ELEMENT that DIFFERS in number of NEUTRONS

Isotope

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If an atom/molecule has gained or lost electron it is

an ION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

atoms that LOSE an electron & become positively charged (Ive lost my black cat, i guess thats a positive)

CATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

atoms that GAIN electron & become NEGATIVELY charged ( gain weight and you’ll feel negative)

ANION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical bonds between + & - charged atoms;

Ionic Bond

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chemical bond formed when atoms share one or more pair of electrons (CODEPENDENCY BONDS)

COVALENT BONDS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organic compounds BASICALLY are molecules that

Contain both CARBON AND HYDROGEN atoms (which be covalently bonded anyways) & if they dont contain both, theyre IN organic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

formed when atoms have an EQUALLY share electrons (equally share a pair) … TEAM 50/50

NON Polar Covalent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

formed when atoms have an unequal share of electrons (1 atoms is more electroneagtive) (UNEQUALLY share a pair)

Polar Covalent Bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hydrogen bonds are

WEAK bonds formed when a H atom is covalently bonded to an O or N atom and is attracted to another O or N in another molecule

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

of moles of solute dissolved in 1L of solution

MOLARITY of a solutuion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 or more substances converted from reactants to products in

Chemical Reactions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Catalysts that speeds up chemical reactions

Enzymes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical reactions where reactant becomes reduced and another oxidized (one loses, one gains)

RE DOX Reactions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Moles are typically measured in?

Grams

1 Mole =

6.022 x 10^23 particles

A mole of X is =

a mole of Y

Synthesis Reactions combine

2 or more reactants

Synthesis Reaction example

A+B -----> AB

Decompostions Reactions

split reactant into 1 or more products

Decomposition Reaction Example

AB --------> A+B

Exchange Reactions combine synthesis & decomp reactions

1 bond is broken, 1 bond is formed

Exchange reactions example

AB+C -------> AC+B or AB +CD -----> AC+BD

anything that takes up space and has mass

Matter

3 forms of matter all composed of atoms

Solid , liquid, gas

amount of material in matter

Mass/ synonymous to weight on Earth

Rule where atom is most stable when their outermost shell has 8 electrons

Octet Rule

Innermost electron shell contains max of _____ electrons?

Two

What controls an atoms chemical reactivity?

Valence electrons/ # of electrons in outermost shell

takes into account naturally occurring differences in the mass number of isotopes ; found by the average mass of isotopes of an element

atomic mass

atoms form molecules by producing

chemical bonds

organic compounds are primarily composed of

carbon

distinct chemical arrangement that contributes to the property of a molecule; responsible for most of chemical properties

functional group

WHat is the basic unit of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates functions

energy source, energy storage, carbon source, component of DNA and RNA, structural component of cells

Carbohydrates consists of elements

C, H, and O with ratio of 1:2:1

Examples of 5 carbon sugars

Ribose, Deoxyribose

6 carbon sugars

Galactose, Glucose, Mannose, Fructose

Two monosaccharides form

Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

chains of monosaccharides

polysaccharides

Primary components of cell membranes

Lipids, also composed of C, H, & O

Lipid Characterisitics

Non polar; Insoluble in water

Simple lipid examples

Fatty Acids & Triglycerides

Contains carboxyl group (-COOH) & hydrocarbon tail; can either be saturated or unsaturated

Fatty Acids

NO double bonds in hydrocarbon tail

Saturated Fatty Acid

Double bonds present in hydrocarbon tail

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Most plentiful lipid that provides protection, insulation and energy storage

Triglycerides

Complex lipids contain this in addition to the C, H, O & is most important to cell membrane

P, N, and S

4 ringed lipids important to cell membrane structure and act as hormones important for homeostasis and metabolism

Steroids

Amino acids are _______ and contain _______

building blocks of protein ; carboxyl group and one amino group + unique side chain (R Group)

How are proteins formed?

Peptide bonds, when amino acids are covalently bonded

Bond formed when carboxyl group (-COOH) of first amino acid is covalently bonded to the amino group (-NH2) of next amino acid

Peptide Bond

Chemical reaction responsible for the formation of peptide bond where water is released and peptide bond is formed where water was removed

Dehydration synthesis

chemical reaction responsible for the breaking of a peptide bonds by adding water to where peptide bond was formed

Hydrolysis

(protein) SHAPE DETERMINES

FUNCTION

amino acid sequence in polypeptide, genetically determined, this structure determines final shape of protein making it responsible for its properties

Primary structure (of proteins)

localized & repetitive coiling/ folding of protein that form due to weak hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amino groups of amino acids along the chain

secondary structure (of proteins)

non localized, non repetitive folding overall 3 dimensional shape of polypeptides that result from interactions of the side chains (R groups)

tertiary structure

Formation of two or more polypeptide chains

Quaternary Structure

proteins can act as

enzymes

Specificity of an enzyme determined by?

Three dimensional folding of protein creating active site on the enzyme

Area of protein where chemical reaction takes place

active site

Substance in which enzyme acts on

substrate

Carries genetic info

Nucleic Acids

Subunits of nucleic acids

nucleotides

Nucleic acid examples

DNA & RNA

Nucleotide consists of

Nitrogen containing Base (A,T,G, C. U), a PENTOSE SUGAR, DNA (deoxyribose) or RNA (ribose sugar), Phosphate group

DNA features

Double helix, Deoxyribose sugar, & 4 nucleotides(Adenine =Thymine, Guanine=-Cytosine)

Nucleotides of DNA are hydrogen bonded resulting in base pairs of

Adenine (2 hyrdogen bonds) to Thymine , Guanine 3 hydrogen bonds to Cytosine

DNA strands and their bases pairing make them

complementary to one another

RNA characteristics

Single Stranded, Ribose Sugar, 4 Bases (Adenosine: Uracil / Guanine: Cytosine)

RNA's role (does not carry genetic info)

decodes information in DNA to assemble amino acid sequence to build proteins

single stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to one strand of DNA that acts as a template for protein synthesis

mRNA (messenger)

non coding RNA molecule that is primary component of ribosome, which catalyze protein synthesis

r RNA (ribosomal)

Decodes specific codon of mRNA to transfer specific amino acid to the end of a chain in the ribosome

t RNA (transfer)