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BIO 104 > Chapter 1/ Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 1/ Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Study of how living organisms function
(molecular to whole organ system)

A

Physiology

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2
Q

How parts of the body work together

A

Function and integration

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3
Q

Physiology ‘‘gone wrong’’

A

Pathophysiology

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4
Q

Body organization

A

Cellular
Tissues
Organs
Organs systems
Organism

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5
Q

Body Cells and Body Tissues
4 main types

A

Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective

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6
Q

3 types of muscle cells in the human body

A

Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth

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7
Q

A-Control of Cardiac and smooth muscle
B- Control of skeletal

A

A-Involuntary
B-Voluntary

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8
Q

*Long Cylindrical striated cells with many nuclei
*Voluntary contraction
*Most are found attached to the skeleton
*Responsible for voluntary movement

A

Skeletal muscle

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9
Q

-Branching striated cells, one nucleus
-Involuntary contraction
-Found in wall of heart
-Pumps blood through the body

A

Cardiac muscle

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10
Q

-Cells tapered at each end, one nucleus
-Involuntary contraction
-Found in walls of hollow internal organs, such as the intestines, and tubes, such as blood vessels
-Contraction in the digestive system moves food along
-When arranged in a circle, controls the diameter of the tube

A

Smooth muscle

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11
Q

Cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells

A

Neurons

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12
Q

A collection of neurons forms nervous tissue

A

brain or spinal cord

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13
Q

Form a nerve

A

Axons from many neurons are packaged

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14
Q

Epithelial cells are characterized and named according to their unique shapes

A

cuboidal, columnar, squamous

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15
Q

Epithelial cells specialized for the

A

selective secretion
absorption of molecules
protection

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16
Q

Epithelium Layers

A

Simple- is one-cell thick
stratified- numerous layers

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17
Q

-Several layers of flattened cells
-Located on the surface of the skin, the lining of the mouth, esophagus, and vaginas
-Provides protection against abrasion, infection, and drying out

A

Stratified squamous

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18
Q

-One layer of flattened cells
-located in air sacs of the lungs, hearts, and blood vessels lining
-Allow exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes

A

Simple Squamous

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19
Q

-Usually two layers of cube-shaped cells
-Located in ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, and salivary glands
- found in protection

A

Stratified cuboidal

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20
Q

-One layer of cube-shaped cells
-Located in the lining of kidney tubules and glands
-Functions in absorption and secretion

A

Simple cuboidal

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21
Q

-One layer of tall, slender cells
-Located in the lining of the gut and respiratory tract
-Functions in absorption and secretion

A

Simple columnar

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22
Q

-Several layers of tall, slender cells
-Rare, located in urethra( tube through which urine leaves the body )
-Function in protection and secretion

A

Stratified columnar

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23
Q

cells that connect, anchor, and support the structure of the body

A

connective tissue

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24
Q

Types of connective tissues include
specialized cells separated by extracellular matrix

A

-Loose Connective
-Dense Connective
-Blood(liquid)
-Bone (solid)
-Cartilage (solid)
-Adipose

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25
Q

-Widely distributed; found under skin, around organs, between muscles
-Wraps and cushion organs

A

Areolar connective tissue

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26
Q

-Found in rings of respiratory air tubes, external ear, tip of nose
-Provides flexible support ; cushions

A

Cartilage

27
Q

-Found under the skin, around kidneys, and heart
- Functions in energy storage and insulations; cushioning for organs

A

Adipose (fat) tissue

28
Q

-Found in the skeleton
-Function in support, protection ( by enclosing organs), and movement

A

Bone

29
Q

-Found in tendon and ligaments
-Forms strongs bands that attach bone to muscle or bone to bone

A

Dense connective tissue

30
Q

-Found within blood vessels
-Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes; fights infection

A

Blood

31
Q

-The environment that surrounds cells
-Provides a scaffold for cellular attachment
-Transmits information in the form of chemical messages to the cells

A

Extracellular matrix

32
Q

Viscous fluid (component that is part of consistency of extracellular matrix)

A

bound substance

33
Q

Extracellular composed of

A

Proteins
Polysaccharides
Minerals

34
Q

-Organs are composed of multiple of tissues types
-Organs system contains multiple organs that work together

A
35
Q

-Protects underlying tissues
-Provides skin sensation
-Helps regulate body temperature
-Synthesizes vitamin D

A

Integumentary system

36
Q

-Attachment for muscles
-Protein organs
-Stored calcium and phosphorus
-Produced blood cells

A

Skeletal system

37
Q

-Moves body and maintains posture
-Internal transports of fluids
-Generation of heat

A

Muscular system

38
Q

Regulates and integrates body function via neurons

A

Nervous system

39
Q

Regulates and integrates body function via hormones

A

Endocrine system

40
Q

-Transports nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes and heat
-Transports immune cells and antibodies
-Transports hormones
-Regulates pH

A

Cardiovascular system

41
Q

-Returns tissue fluids to bloodstream
-Protects against infection and disease

A

Lymphatic system

42
Q

-Exchanges respiratory gases with the environment

A

Respiratory system

43
Q

-Physical and chemical breakdown of food
-Absorbs, processes stores food

A

Digestive system

44
Q

Watery solution of dissolved substances( oxygen, nutrients, etc) present in the body

A

body fluid

45
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

contained within the cells

46
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

in the blood/blood plasma and surrounding the cells/interstitial fluid

47
Q

All living organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment
(Physiological variables: blood pressure, body temperature, glucose, oxygen )
- is dynamic, not a static, process
- can undergo a drastic change over a 24 hr period

A

Homeostasis

48
Q

Homeostatic Control ( set point=normal values)

A

-Negative feedback loops
-Resetting of set points
-Feedforward regulation
-Reflexes

49
Q

a levels change over short periods of time but remain relatively constant over time

A

Dynamic Constancy

50
Q

Negative feed back loops ( mechanism)

A

-Counteract changes to physiological variables
-Negative feedback stops once set point has been reached
-brought via reflex arcs

51
Q

Resetting of set points

A
  • '’Normal’’ values for variables can be reset to new value
52
Q

Feedforward regulation

A

Changes to regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for before they occur

53
Q

Reflexes

A

-a specific involuntary, unpremeditated, unlearned ‘‘built-in’’ response to a particular stimulus
-Pathways mediating a reflex is known as the reflex arc

54
Q

Intracellular chemical messengers

A

-Hormones
-Neurotransmitters
-Paracrine substances
-Autocrine Substances

55
Q

Hormones

A

-Secreted by endocrine
-Travel through blood target cells

56
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

-Released by neurons onto other neurons, muscle cells, of glands
-signals involved in many reflexes

57
Q

Variable feeder to be controlled in homeostasis

A

1-Receptors= Pancreas (detects imbalace)
2- Control center Pancreas, (the brain sends the information )
3= Pancreas ( secrete glucose )

58
Q

Targets cells in close proximity to the cells that secreted it

A

Paracrine substances

59
Q

Acts on same cell that secreted it

A

Autocrine substances

60
Q

-Characteristics that favor survival in specific environments
-Inherited

A

Adaptation

61
Q

Improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system based on an environmental stress

A

Acclimatization

62
Q

Body function are

A

rhythmical changes
-enable homeostatic mechanism to be activated at times change will likely occur

63
Q

Circadian rhythm: a 24 hr cycle

A

-walking and sleeping
-body temperature
-Hormone concentration

64
Q

Many homeostatic systems regulate the balance between addition and removal of a chemical substance from the body
Three states of total-body balance are possible

A

-Negative balance(loss>gain)
-positive balance ( gain> loss)
-stable balance (gain=loss)

BIO 104 (13 decks)

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