chap 1,20,21,22

Question 1

What is the smallest part of an element?

Answer 1

An atom

Question 2

What is the smallest unit of life?

Answer 2

cells

Question 3

What are the four macromolecules found in all living things?

Answer 3

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

Question 4

What four tissues are found in all vertebrate animals?

Answer 4

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Question 5

What is an organ system? Give an example of one.

Answer 5

Multiple organs that work together; The digestive sysytem

Question 6

An interbreeding group of organisms

Answer 6

species

Question 7

• used to name species
• the term species is both singular and plural
• a species name includes two names: the genus name plus specific epithet name
• the genus name begins with an upper-case letter and can be abbreviated after writing it out the first time
• Both the genus name and the species name are italicized (when typed) or underlined (when written)
• Both the genus name and the species name are required to identify a specific species
• Species names are typically Latin so that they can be used worldwide. They can also be descriptive or honor an individual

Answer 7

Binomial nomenclature

Question 8

How does a community differ from an ecosystem?

Answer 8

A community consists of interacting populations while an ecosystem consists of a community along with soil, water, and air

Question 9

What does “Do Kings Play Chess On Four Green Stools? stand for?

Answer 9

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, specific epithet

Question 10

In which biomes is there the most biodiversity?

Answer 10

Coral reefs and tropical rain forests

Question 11

What are the three domains used in classification?

Answer 11

bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 12

How are domains Bacteria and Archaea similar? Different?

Answer 12

Both are made up of unicellular prokaryotes, but Archaea live in extreme environments

Question 13

How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?

Answer 13

Prokaryotic cells don’t have a membrane-bond nucleus—their DNA is suspended throughout the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cells have their DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound organelle known as the nucleus

Question 14

What are the four kingdoms of Domain Eukarya? Give an example of each

Answer 14

1- Protista: paramecium
2- Fungi: mushrooms
3- Plantae: oak tree
4- Animalia- human

Question 15

Into what three domains can all living organisms be grouped?

Answer 15

• Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
• Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are made up of prokaryotic organisms
• Domain Eukarya is made up of eukaryotic organisms in four kingdoms: protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Question 16

Into what two categories can all living organisms be classified?

Answer 16

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 17

How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes?

Answer 17

• prokaryotes: don’t have a membrane bound nucleus

- eukaryotes: have a true membrane bound nucleus

Question 18

the study of viruses, bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, and parasitic worms

Answer 18

microbiology

Question 19

Why aren’t viruses included in the three-domain classification scheme of living organisms?

Answer 19

viruses aren’t made up of cells, so they aren’t considered to be living organisms. They must invade a living host cell in order to reproduce

Question 20

disease-causing RNA molecules in plant cells which can cause crop diseases

Answer 20

viroids

Question 21

disease-causing proteins in animal cells that can cause animal diseases

Answer 21

prions

Question 22

What are viruses composed of?

Answer 22

Capsid: outer protein layer
inner core: nucleic acids (either DNA or RNA but not both) sometimes the capsid is enclosed by a lipid membrane called the outer envelope

Question 23

What are some examples of diseases caused by viruses?

Answer 23

swine flu, cold, flu, herpes, polio, smallpox, measles, chicken pox, mumps, rabies, AIDS

Question 24

a virus that infects bacteria

Answer 24

bacteriophage

Question 25

How can viruses be classified?

Answer 25

type of nucleic acid present, size and shape, and presence/absence of outer envelope

Question 26

How do bacteria and archeae differ from viruses?

Answer 26

bacteria are fully functioning cells

Question 27

Describe the structure of a typial bacteria cell

Answer 27

- does not have a membrane-bound nucleus - has cell wall made of peptidoglycan - does not have membrane-covered organelles - may have flagella to aid in movement - may have an accessory ring of DNA called the plasmid

Question 28

Describe the oxygen requirements of prokaryotes

Answer 28

obligate aerobes- need oxygen to grow obligate anaerobes- can't grow in presence of oxygen facultative anaerobes- can grow in presence or absence of oxygen

Question 29

prokaryotics which can make their own food. examples: 1) photoautotroph: uses energy from the sun to undergo photosynthesis and produce food 2) chemoautotroph: uses inorganic compounds to make a food

Answer 29

autotrophic prokaryotes

Question 30

prokaryotes which can make their own energy examples: 1) chemoheterotrophs: take in organic compounds (most bacteria are chemoheterotrophs)

Answer 30

heterotrophic prokaryotes

Question 31

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

Answer 31

binary fission: divide in half (is a form of asexual reproduction)

Question 32

How do bacteria exchange genetic material?

Answer 32

conjunction: DNA passed between sex pili of two cells (form a genetic recombination) transformation: free DNA picked up from other prokaryotes (form of genetic recombination) transduction: bacteriophage carries new DNA into a cell (form of genetic recombination)

Question 33

What are some diseases caused by bacteria?

Answer 33

tetanus, dysentery, salmonella poisoning

Question 34

microorganisms that cause disease

Answer 34

pathogens

Question 35

What are some of the good things bacteria can do for us?

Answer 35

produce antibiotics, help form vitamins in our large intestine, clean up oil spills

Question 36

How are bacteria classified?

Answer 36

shape of the cell, type of nutrition they use, and the gram staining (gram positive bacteria appear purple; gram negative bacteria appear pink)

Question 37

What are the three common shapes of bacteria?

Answer 37

Sheres, rods, and spirals

Question 38

gram negative bacteria with unusual traits - photosynthesize like plants - associate with fungi to form lichens

Answer 38

cyanobacteria

Question 39

What are some examples of cyanobacteria?

Answer 39

Gloeocapsa, Odcillatoria, and Anaebaena

Question 40

How do members of Domain Archaea differ from those of Domain Bacteria?

Answer 40

- don't have cell walls - are more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria - live in extreme habitats (harsh environments)

Question 41

Name three Archaea and the type of harsh environment in which they live.

Answer 41

Mathanogen- lives in anaerobic marshes halophile- lives in salty lakes thermoacidophile- live in hot sulfur springs

Question 42

What four kingdoms are included in Domain Eukarya?

Answer 42

Protista (include protists and microscopic algae), Fungi, Plantae, and animalia

Question 43

What are the characteristics of protists?

Answer 43

- are neither plants nor animals - most unicellular - most reproduce asexually - can be classified by nutrition (photoautotrophs make their own food, heterotrophs by indigestion eat food produced by other organisms, heterotrophs by absorption absorb their nutrients) - can be classified by movement (pseudopods, cilia, flagella)

Question 44

PHOTO unicellular green algae, moves by flagella; has eyespot

Answer 44

chlamydomonas

Question 45

PHOTO filamentous green algae; has ribbon like chloroplasts; can reproduce by conjugation

Answer 45

spirogyra

Question 46

PHOTO colonial green algae

Answer 46

volvox

Question 47

PHOTO multicellular green algae; looks like lettuce

Answer 47

sea lettuce

Question 48

PHOTO multicellular green algae which become encrusted with calcium carbonate; of all the green algae, this is the one most related to plants

Answer 48

stonewarts

Question 49

PHOTO most numerous algae in oceans; put together like a hat box; has outer layer of silica; produces diatomaceous earth

Answer 49

diatoms

Question 50

PHOTO made up of cellulose plates impregnated by silica; has two flagella and spins like a top; one species causes red tide by producing a neurotoxin that kills fish and may injure those who eat them

Answer 50

dinoflagellates

Question 51

HETERO move by flagella; some like Trypanosome are parasitic; Trypanosome are carried by the tsetse fly and cause African sleeping sickness because white blood cells try to kill them and accumulate around blood vessels leading to the brain, cutting off circulation to the brain

Answer 51

zooflagellates

Question 52

HETERO move by pseudopods or false feet; example is Amoeba proteus that uses its pseudopods to move and eat

Answer 52

Amoeboids

Question 53

HETERO move by cilia; example is Paramecium

Answer 53

ciliates

Question 54

HETERO produce spores

Answer 54

sporozoans

Question 55

What are some examples and characteristics of heterotrophs by ABSORBTION?

Answer 55

slime molds, water molds

Question 56

ABSORB can have plasmodial body that creeps along surface of plants to eat them; can have amoeboid cells (common in soil)

Answer 56

slime molds

Question 57

ABSORB found in water; form furry growths when they decomposes organisms

Answer 57

water molds

Question 58

What are the characteristics of fungi?

Answer 58

- most are multicellular - saprophytic decomposers (digest food externally and then absorb nutrients - produce spores

Question 59

What are some examples of fungi?

Answer 59

yeast, mushrooms, puffballs, lichens, ringworm, bread mold

Question 60

What is the basic structure of a typical fungus?

Answer 60

body or thallus called the mycellium; mycelium made up of network of filaments called hyphae; no chloroplasts; cell wall contains chitin, not cellulose

Question 61

Why don't fungi have chloroplasts?

Answer 61

they don't make their own food; they obtain their food from other organisms

Question 62

FUNGI black bread mold; produces spores in sporangia; has alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction

Answer 62

zygospore fungi

Question 63

FUNGI yeast which reproduce asexually by budding; others can reproduce asexually by forming spores called conidia; still others can reproduce sexually by producing asci in ascocarps; Tinea which produce athletes' foot and ringworm

Answer 63

Sac Fungi

Question 64

FUNGI include many species we commonly call mushrooms; shell fungus; puffballs

Answer 64

club fungi

Question 65

a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and cynobacterium- the cyanobacterium produces food and the fungus gives it a place to live

Answer 65

lichens

Question 66

What are the three major shapes of lichens?

Answer 66

crustose; fruiticose; foliose