Chap. 1- General Principles

Question 1

What are the four nuclei for gait generation?

Answer 1

Locus coeruleus, pontomedullary reticular formation, cuneiform nucleus, pedunculopontinetegmental nuclei

Question 2

Pyramidal tracts

Answer 2

Corticospinal, corticonuclear, corticopontine

Question 3

Pyramidal tracts synapse on

Answer 3

Cranial nuclei, mes tectum and tegmentum, red nuc, pontine nuc, reticular formation

Question 4

Lateral and medial corticospinal control

Answer 4

Lateral- distal limb
Medial- proximal

Question 5

Corticospinal on flexors and extensors?

Answer 5

Facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors

Question 6

Vestibulospinal

Answer 6

Lateral- facilitated extensors
Medial- through MLF and ventral fun

Question 7

Reticulospinal

Answer 7

Pontine- facilitates extensors
Medullary- inhibits extensors

Question 8

Rubrospinal

Answer 8

Proximal muscles of limbs, facilitates flexors

Question 9

Tectospinal

Answer 9

From rostral colliculus, turns head to visual and auditory stimuli

Question 10

Decerebrate

Answer 10

Damage to rostral lobe of cerebellum or in inhibitory efferent cerebellar fibers, if caudal damaged then PLs will be extended too

Question 11

Decerebellate

Answer 11

Severe mesencephalic lesion at red nuc or between red and vestibular nucleus

Question 12

Cerebellum organization

Answer 12

Neocerebellum- dentate and interpositus- hypermetria and tremors
Paleocerebellum- fastigial - increase tone to anti gravity and titubation
Vestibulocerebellum- flocculonodular lobe

Question 13

CP deficit and preserves motor

Answer 13

Lesion in prosencephalon

Question 14

CP deficit and no motor

Answer 14

Lesion caudal to prosencephalon

Question 15

Lesion in basal nuclei

Answer 15

Compulsive movements

Question 16

Accumbens related to

Answer 16

Locomotor behavior in rewarding experiences

Question 17

Substantia nigra

Answer 17

Regulates activity of basal nuclei by reviving influences from cerebral cortex, thalamus and striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)

Question 18

Ventral spinocerebellar tract

Answer 18

Myelinated fibers coming from golgi tendon neurons reach thoracic nucleus, cross though white commission and go to contra lat funiculus to enter cerebellum through rostral peduncle

Question 19

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Answer 19

Myelinated fibers coming from the Golgi tendon neurons and intrafusal receptors reach laminate 5, 6, 7 of sacral and lumbar spinal segments, incorporate to the ipsilateral lateral funiculus that reaches cerebellum through caudal peduncle

Question 20

Cranial spinocerebellar tract

Answer 20

Myelinated fibers coming from the Golgi tendon neurons reach laminate 567 of the cervical spinal cord. Incorporate to ipsilateral lateral funiculus. Located medially to the ventral spinocerebellar tract fibers and enter cerebellum through rostral and caudal peduncles. 

Question 21

Cuneate fascicle

Answer 21

Myelinated fibers coming from intrafusal receptors enter directly to the ipsi dorsal funiculus and form cuneate fascicle reaching lateral cuneate nuc. Second order reach cerebellum through caudal peduncles

Question 22

Neuropathic pain - 2 mechanisms

Answer 22

1. Generation of ectopic impulses at demyelinated lesions in response to neural damage
2. Interruption of inhibitory impulses from brain that diminish the threshold that generates pain

Question 23

What are the pathways for transmission of nociception pain:

Answer 23

1. Spinocervicothalamic
2. Spinoreticular
3. Spinomesencephalic
4. Fasciculus gracilis

Question 24

What are a part of the pain inhibition system?

Answer 24

1. Periaqueductal gray matter
2. Basal nuclei
3. Septal nuclei
4. Locus coerulus

Question 26

Periaqueductal gray

Answer 26

- receives afferents from thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, spinothalamic and spinomesencephalic tracts - activates noradrenergic cells of medullary reticular formation and serotonergic cells of raphe nuclei - both excite inhibitory neurons that are in dorsal horn by releasing gaba, glycine and enkephalin that inhibit ascending fibers to thalamus