Chap 1: Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Sensory/afferent neurons

Answer 1

Carry sensory impulses from peripheral sense organs toward brain

Question 2

Motor/efferent neurons

Answer 2

Transmit impulses away from central nervous system

Cause grandular secretions or muscle contractions (movement)

Question 3

Parts of neuron

Answer 3

Soma (cell body)

Nerve fibers

Axon and dendrites (projections of body that receive and conduct stimuli)

Terminal/end buttons, myelin sheath

Question 4

Synapses

Answer 4

Junctions where neurons communicate

Question 5

Neurotransmitter

Answer 5

Chemical within terminal buttons that diffuses across synaptic space to make contact between cells

Question 6

3 basic neurons types

Answer 6

Motor

Sensory

Interneurons

Question 7

Interneurons

Answer 7

Most common neuron type in nervous system

Links neurons with other neurons and plays an important role in controlling movement

Question 8

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 8

Collection of nerves outside skull and spinal column

Carry sensory (from sense organs to brain) and motor impulses (from brain to glands/muscles)

Question 9

3 nerve types of peripheral nervous system

Answer 9

Cranial (12 pairs)

Spinal (31 pairs)

Autonomic

Question 10

Cranial nerves (description)

Answer 10

Part of lower motor system

Mixed nerves - carry sensory and motor impulses

12 pairs

Question 11

Cranial nerves mnemonic

Answer 11

Oh oh oh

To touch and feel very amazing velvet

Such heaven

Question 12

List of cranial nerves

Answer 12

I - olfactory (s)

II - optic (s)

III - oculomotor

IV - trochlear (m)

V - trigeminal (s/m)

VI - abducens (m)

VII - facial (s/m)

VIII - acoustic (s)

IX - glossopharyngeal (s/m)

X - vagus (s/m)

XI - spinal accessory (m)

XII - hypoglossal (m)

Question 13

Cranial nerves related to speech

Answer 13

V - trigeminal (face - s, jaw - m)

VII - facial (tongue - s, face - m)

VIII - acoustic (hearing/balance s)

IX - glossopharyngeal (tongue/pharynx s, pharynx m)

X - vagus (larynx respiratory cardiac GI s/m)

XI - spinal accessory (shoulder arm throat m)

XII - hypoglossal (tongue movements)

Question 14

Cranial nerve V fibers

Answer 14

Trigeminal

Motor and sensory

3 sensory branches: ophthalamic (eyes, nose, forehead), maxillary (upper lip, maxilla, upper cheek, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, palate), mandibular (mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, tongue, part of cheek, part of external ear)

Motor: jaw muscles

Question 15

Cranial V damage

Answer 15

Inability to close mouth, trouble chewing, and trigeminal neuralgia (sharp pain in facial area)

Question 16

Cranial nerve VII fibers

Answer 16

Facial, motor and sensory

Sensory: taste sensations anterior 2/3 of tongue

Motor: innervate muscles important for facial expression and speech

Question 17

Cranial VII damage

Answer 17

Mask like appearance with minimal or no facial expression

Question 18

Cranial VIII

Answer 18

Acoustic/vestibulocochlear, sensory

Vestibular: maintenance of equilibrium

Acoustic: transmits sensory info from cochlea to primary auditory cortex of brain

Question 19

Cranial VIII damage

Answer 19

Hearing loss, balance problems, or both

Question 20

Cranial IX

Answer 20

Glossopharyngeal, sensory and motor

Sensory: processes taste sensations from posterior third of tongue. Sensation for tympanic cavity, ear canal, Eustachian tube, faucial pillars, tonsils, soft palate, pharynx

Motor innervates stylopharyngeus (raises and dilated pharynx)

Question 21

Cranial IX damage

Answer 21

Trouble swallowing, unilateral loss of gag reflex, loss of taste and sensation back of tongue

Question 22

Cranial X

Answer 22

Vagus, motor and sensory

Motor: digestive system, heart, lungs

Sensory: info from digestive system, heart, trachea, pharynx, larynx

Question 23

Cranial X damage

Answer 23

Difficulty swallowing, velum paralysis, voice problems

Question 24

Cranial XI

Answer 24

Spinal accessory, motor

Supplies trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles for head/neck movements

Innervate uvula and levator veli palatini muscles of soft palate

Question 25

Cranial XI damage

Answer 25

Neck weakness, paralysis of sternocleidomastoid, inability to turn head, inability to shrug shoulders or raise arm above shoulder level

Question 26

Cranial XII

Answer 26

Hypoglossal, motor Under tongue Supplies 3 extrinsic tongue muscles: styloglossus. Hyoglossus, genioglossus Also supplies intrinsic tongue muscles

Question 27

Cranial XII damage

Answer 27

Tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility, swallowing problems

Question 28

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 28

Viewed as part of PNS Controls and regulates internal environment of body Two branches: sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 29

Sympathetic branch

Answer 29

Mobilizes body for fight or flight Accelerated heart rate, dilated pupils, raised blood pressure, increases blood flow to peripheral body structures Causes emotional arousal

Question 30

Parasympathetic branch

Answer 30

Helps bring body back to state of relaxation Lowers blood pressure, slows heart rate, increases activity in stomach, generally relaxes body

Question 31

Brainstem

Answer 31

Connects brain and spinal cord via diencephalon Also a bridge between cerebellum and other CNS structures

Question 32

Brainstem structures (internal/external)

Answer 32

Longitudinal fiber tracts, cranial nerve nuclei, reticular formation Midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 33

Midbrain

Answer 33

Mesencephalon Superior to pons and inferior to diencephalon Connected to brainstem and cerebellum via superior peduncles Control many motor/sensory functions: postural reflexes, visual reflexes, eye movements, coordination of vestibular-generated eye/head movements

Question 34

Pons

Answer 34

Metencephalon Inferior to midbrain and bridges two halves of cerebellum Pons and midbrain connect to cerebellum and other cerebral structures through inferior and middle peduncles Pons transmits info related to movement from cerebral hemispheres to cerebellum Involved with hearing and balance; contains trigeminal and facial nuclei

Question 35

Medulla

Answer 35

Myelencephalon Inferior to midbrain and pons; uppermost portion of spinal cord Enters cranial craving through foramen magnum at skull base Has centers that control breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure Contains motor fibers that transmit info from brain motor center to muscles

Question 36

Reticular activating system

Answer 36

Within midbrain, brainstem, and upper part of spinal cord Integrates motor impulses flowing out of brain with sensory impulses flowing in Plays role in executing motor activity Primary mechanism of attention and consciousnsss

Question 37

Diencephalon

Answer 37

Above midbrain, between brainstem and cerebral hemispheres Two main structures: thalamus and hypothalamus Also contains third ventricle (tall narrow space with cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 38

Thalamus

Answer 38

Largest structure in diencephalon Regulates sensory info flowing into brain and relays sensory impulses to portions of cerebral cortex Also received motor impulse info from cerebellum, basal ganglia and relays info to motor areas of cortex Critical for maintenance of consciousness and alertness

Question 39

Hypothalamus

Answer 39

Inferior to thalamus Integrates actions of ANS and controls emotions