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Practice Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Rarefaction

A

When vibrating objects return to equilibrium and air molecules become thinner

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2
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Extent to which results of a test correspond with results of a previously established test

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3
Q

Aural atresia

A

Completely closed external ear canal

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4
Q

Inductive method

A

Scientific method; experiment, then explain observations

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5
Q

Two properties that affect sound transmission

A

Mass and elasticity

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6
Q

Octave

A

Indication of the interval between two frequencies

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7
Q

Myringotomy

A

Small incision in tympanic membrane to relieve pressure

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8
Q

Characteristics of conduction aphasia

A

Good syntax

Prosody

Articulation

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9
Q

Submucous/occult cleft palate

A

When surface tissues of soft or hard palate fuse, but underlying muscle or bone tissues do not

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10
Q

Diplophonia

A

Double voice

Two distinct simultaneous pitches during phonation

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11
Q

Distinguishing features of neurogenic stuttering

A

Disfluencies on function words and in imitated speech

Lack of adaptation

Minimal or no effect of masking noise

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12
Q

Purpose of blom-singer prosthetic device

A

Shunt air from trachea to esophagus so pt can speak on pulmonary air that enters esophagus

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13
Q

Myringoplasty

A

Closure of perforated tympanic membrane

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14
Q

Response cost method

A

Token given for each fluent production and one withdrawn for each disfluency

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15
Q

Fast mapping

A

Ability to learn a new word on the basis of just a few exposures to it

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16
Q

Coarticulation

A

Influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, in which 2 articulates move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds

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17
Q

Auditory memory

A

Child’s ability to mentally sort speech stimuli/remember what they heard

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18
Q

Auditory attention

A

Ability to ignore irrelevant acoustic stimuli and focus on important info

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19
Q

Auditory rate

A

Ability to process acoustic stimuli presented at different rates/speeds

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20
Q

Auditory sequencing

A

Ability to identify temporal order in which auditory stimuli occur

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21
Q

Construct validity

A

Test scores consistent with theoretical concepts/expectations

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22
Q

Content validity

A

Measure of test validity based on systematic examination of all test items to determine if they adequately sample full range of skill being tested and are relevant to measuring what test purports to measure

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23
Q

Validity

A

Degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure

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24
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency with which the same event is measured repeatedly

Usually measured in terms of correlational coefficient

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25
Correlational coefficient
Number/index that indicates relationship between two or more independent measure Referred to as r R of 0.00 = no relationship Highest value = 1.00, lowest = -1.00 Closest to 1 = greater reliability
26
Split-half reliability
Measure of internal consistency of test
27
Operant behavior
Behavior that can be changed by its consequences Learned behaviors
28
Fundamental frequency
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave First harmonic
29
Formant frequency
Frequency region with concentrated acoustic energy Center frequency of a formant
30
Pyramidal system
Direct motor activation pathway primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement
31
Extrapyramidal system
Transmits impulses that control postural support needed by fine motor movements Indirect activation system
32
Two types of esophageal speech
Injection Inhalation
33
Injection method
Pt impounded air in mouth, air is pushed into esophagus then expelled producing vibrations of chricopharyngeus muscle (soft tissue of esophagus)
34
Inhalation method
Pt inhales rapidly while keeping esophagus open and relaxed, inhaled air passes through esophagus and sets tissues into vibration
35
Hearing level
Lowest intensity of sound that will stimulate auditory system
36
Cross-sectional method
Researchers select participants from various age levels and observe behaviors/characteristics of the groups formed on basis of age
37
Dysarthria
Neuron based speech disorders characterized by abnormal strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone and accuracy of movement in speech
38
Causes of dysarthria
Nonprogressive neuro conditions (strike, infection, tbi) Degenerative neuro diseases (Parkinson’s, als) Neurotraumatic Infectious diseases Toxic metabolic causes
39
Ataxic dysarthria (damage/characteristics)
Results from damage to cerebellar system Characteristics: gait disturbances, movement disorders, respiratory disorders, artic disorders, prosodic disorders, phonatory disorders, drunken speech quality, resonance disorders
40
Ataxic dysarthria speech
Imprecise consonants, irregular articulatory breakdowns, distortion of vowels Excessive and even stress, prolonged phonemes/intervals between words or syllables, slow speech rate Monopitch, loudness, and harshness Drunken speech Intermittent hyponasality
41
Flaccid dysarthria (damage/characteristics)
Damage to motor units of cranial or spinal nerves that supply speech muscles Characteristics: muscular disorders, respiratory weakness, phonatory disorders, resonance disorders, phonatory-prosodic disorders, artic disorders
42
Flaccid dysarthria speech
Breathy voice, short phrases Hypernasality, nasal emission Harsh voice, monopitch, mono or reduced loudness Imprecise consonants and weak pressure consonants
43
Hyperkinetic dysarthria (damage/characteristics)
Damage to basal ganglia Characteristics: orofacial dyskinesia, myoclonus, tics, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, tremor, communicative disorders, respiratory problems, phonatory disorders, resonance disorders, artic problems, prosodic disorders
44
Hyperkinetic dysarthria speech
Voice tremor, intermittent strained voice, voice stoppage, harshness, loudness variations Mild hypernasality in some cases Imprecise consonant productions, distorted vowels and hypernasality, slower speech rate Prolonged inter-word intervals, inappropriate silent periods, phoneme prolongations, excess and equal stress, monopitch and loudness, reduces stress and short phrases
45
Hypokinetic dysarthria (damage/characteristics)
Damage to basal ganglia Characteristics: tremors, mask like face, micographic writing, walking disorders, postural disturbances, decreased swallowing, respiratory problems, phonatory disorders, prosodic disorders, artic disorders, dysfluencies, resonance disorders
46
Hypokinetic dysarthria speech
Monopitch, low pitch, monoloudness, harsh and continuously breathy voice Reduced stress, inappropriate silent intervals, short rushes of speech, variable and increased rate in segments, short phrases Imprecise/distorted consonants, stops sound like fricatives, mushy fricatives Atypical but mild hypernasality
47
Spastic dysarthria (damage/characteristics)
Bilateral damage to UMNs Spasticity and weakness, movement disorders, artic disorders, prosodic disorders, phonatory disorders, resonance disorders
48
Spastic dysarthria speech
Imprecise consonants, distorted vowels Excess and equal stress, slow rate, monopitch and loudness, reduced stress, short phrases Continuous breathy voice, harshness, low pitch, pitch breaks, strained/strangled voice quality, short phrases Predominant hypernasality
49
Mixed dysarthrias
Combo of 2 or more dysarthrias Most common: flaccid-spastic and ataxic-spastic
50
Flaccid-spastic dysarthria
Associated with ALS Characteristics: imprecise consonants, hypernasality, harsh voice, slow rate, monopitch, short phrases, distorted vowels, low pitch, monoloudness, excess and equal stress or reduced stress, prolonged intervals, prolonged phonemes, strained/strangled quality, breathiness, audible inspiration, inappropriate silences, and nasal emission
51
Ataxic-spastic dysarthria
Usually associated with MS Characteristics: impaired loudness control, harsh voice quality, imprecise artic, impaired emphasis, hypernasality, inappropriate pitch levels, breathiness, and sudden artic breakdowns
52
Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria (damage/characteristics)
Damage to UMNs supplying cranial and spinal nerves involved in speech production Characteristics: neuro impairments, artic disorders, phonatory disorders, prosodic disorders, resonance disorders Associated disorders: dysphagia, aphasia, apraxia, and right hemisphere syndrome
53
UMN dysarthria speech
Imprecise consonants, irregular artic breakdowns, some vowel distortions and sound or syllable reps Harsh voice, reduced loudness, strained harshness, wet hoarseness, breathiness Slow rate, increases rate in segments, excess and equal stress, mono pitch and loudness, low pitch, short phrases Hypernasality or nasal emission or combo
54
Right hemisphere syndrome
Typical symptoms: attentional and affective symptoms, communicative deficits. Treatment addresses: impaired attention, impulsive behavior, pragmatic communication impairments, and visual neglect
55
Electromyography
Procedure that studies patterns of electrical activity of vocal folds and view muscle activity patterns
56
Class I malocclusion
Arches are generally aligned properly, but some individual teeth are misaligned
57
Class II malocclusion
Maxilla is protruded and mandible is receded Overbite
58
Overjet
When child has class II malocclusion and upper teeth from molars forward are excessively anterior to lower teeth
59
Class III malocclusion
Maxilla receded and mandible protruded Underbite
60
Thyroarytenoids
Internal: vocal folds; vibrate and produce sound
61
Transverse arytenoids
Adduct vocal folds
62
Oblique arytenoids
Adductor muscle Pulls apex of arytenoids in medial direction
63
Cricothyroid
Lengthens and tenses vocal folds
64
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Adduct vocal folds and increases medial compression
65
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Abducts vocal folds
66
Hyperkeratosis
Rough, pinkish lesion that can appear in oral cavity, larynx or pharynx Often benign
67
Leukoplakia
Benign growths if thick, whitish patches on surface of membrane of mucosa
68
Hemangioma
Similar to granulomas, but are soft, pliable, and filled with blood
69
Granuloma
A localized, inflammatory, vascular lesion usually composed of granular tissues in a firm, rounded sac
70
Gliding
Liquid consonant produced as a glide Ex: w/l (wamp vs lamp), w/r (wing vs ring)
71
Vocalization
A vowel is substituted for a syllabic consonant (usually a liquid) Ex: bado instead of bottle
72
Velar fronting
An alveolar or a dental replaces a velar, usually in word initial position Ex: tey for key
73
Stopping
Fricative or Africans replaced by a stop Ex: tu for shoe
74
Dapalatization
Alveolar affricate subbed for palatal affricate Ex: wats for watch Or alveolar fricative for palatal fricative Ex: wis for wish
75
Affrication
Fricative/stop replaced by affricate Ex: chun for sun
76
Deaffrication
Affricate replaced by fricative Ex: sip for ship
77
Backing
Anteriorly placed consonant replaced by posteriorly places consonant Ex: gen for den
78
Holophrastic speech
Child uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings
79
Fricatives
Sounds with hissing quality; results from continuous forcing of air through narrow construction Ex: s, z, h
80
Affricates
Begin as stops, then release as fricatives Ex: “tch”
81
Non fluent aphasias
Good comp: Brocas and Transcortical motor Poor comp: mixed non fluent and global
82
Fluent aphasias
Good comp: conduction and anomic Poor comp: wernickes and transcortical sensory

Praxis (4 decks)

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