chap 10 Flashcards
Intelligence (64 cards)
Two kinds of reasoning that depend explicitly on identifying similarities are _ and _.
analogical reasoning
inductive reasoning
ghgj
_ refers to a similarity in behavior, function, or relationship between entities or situations that are in other respects, such as in their physical makeup, quite different from each other
analogy
A: B :: C: ?. Analogies are thus based on _. One must understand the similarity between men and women and boys and girls if one is to solve the above analogy.
similarity relations
nom du test avec les carées rempli de noir a certains endroits et faut trouver les patterns
Sample Raven’s problem
_, or _, is the attempt to infer some new principle or proposition from observations or facts that serve as clues.
Inductive reasoning
induction
Induction is also called _ because the inferred proposition is at best an _, not a necessary conclusion from the available evidence.
hypothesis construction
educated guess
The _ bias is most obvious in games of pure chance. Gamblers throwing dice or betting at roulette wheels often begin to think that they see reliable patterns in the results. This happens even to people who consciously “know” that the results are purely random.
predictable-world
use of analogies in scientific reasoning → _(ppl)
Darwin and Kepler
use of analogies in judicial and political reasoning and persuasion → _ - goal : _
chain and rope analogy.
reason about new or complicated issues largely by comparing them to more familiar or less complicated issues, where the answer seems clearer.
neurological basis of analogical reasoning: multiple _ brain areas → _ and _ activated when making semantic decisions vs multiple areas of prefrontal cortex activated when making analogical decisions
prefrontal.
anterior left and inferior prefrontal cortex
True scientific reasoning is a form of _.
inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning: _
attempt to derive logically the consequences that must be true if certain premises are accepted as true
in deduction: series problem, which requires you to _
organize items into a series on the basis of a set of comparison statements and then arrive at a conclusion that was not contained in any single statement.
test in deduction: syllogism, which _
presents a major premise, or proposition, and a minor premise that you must combine mentally to see if a particular conclusion is true, false, or indeterminate (cannot be determined from the premises). Did you get the correct answer to each problem? If you did, you deduced correctly.
Today many psychologists reject Piaget’s view that _ —> we are much better at _
we resign deductively by applying logical principles.
solving problems put to us in concrete terms than problems put to us in terms of xs and ys or other abstract symbol .
_ = problems that are specially designed to be unsolvable until one looks at them in a way that is different from the usual way
Insight pb
Candle pb —> failing to solve it is the result of _, the failure to see an object as having a function other than its usual one
functional fixedness (type of mental set)
Insight problems tend to be difficult because their solution depends on abandoning a well-established habit of perception or thought, referred to as a _, and then viewing the problem in a different way.
mental set
people’s ability to solve insight problems, but not their ability to solve syllogisms, correlated positively with their _,
creativity
_ = time off from solving. Pb to do smthg else and then come back to it => helps _ but not _
incubation period
insight pb
deduction
Unconscious, fast mental processes (not involving _) more important for solving _ that _
working memory
insight pb
deductive reasoning pb
Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions: _
Ppl are better at solving insight pbs if they are made to feel happy than if they are in serious mood
Older theories suggested that we solve such problems with _, whereas newer theories recognize that we are _.
formal logic.
biased toward using content knowledge even when told not to.
Response software unschooled non-westerners to western style logic questions:
non-Westerners are _ likely than Westerners to answer logic questions in practical, functional terms rather than in terms of abstract properties
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