chap 7

Question 1

The photoreceptors lie in the _, a membrane lining the rear interior of the eyeball.

Answer 1

retina

Question 2

In many species of multicellular animals, specialized light-detecting cells called _ evolved and became connected to the animal’s nervous system.

Answer 2

photoreceptors

Question 3

The front of the eyeball is covered by the _, a transparent tissue that, because of its convex (outward) curvature, helps to focus the light that passes through it.

Answer 3

cornea

Question 4

Immediately behind the cornea is the pigmented, doughnut-shaped _, which provides the color of the eye. The iris is opaque, so the only light that enters the interior of the eye is that which passes through a hole called the _, the black-appearing center in the _.

Answer 4

iris

pupil

iris

Question 5

Behind the iris is the _, which adds to the focusing process begun by the _.

Answer 5

lens

cornea

Question 6

Unlike the cornea, the lens is _; it becomes more _ when focusing on objects close to the eye and _ when focusing on those farther away.

Answer 6

adjustable

spherical

flatter

Question 7

As noted in Chapter 6, the process by which a stimulus from the environment generates electrical changes in neurons is called _. In vision, _ is the function of the _.

Answer 7

transduction
transduction

photoreceptor cells

Question 8

_: permit sharply focused color vision in bright light

Answer 8

cones

Question 9

_: permit vision in dim light.

Answer 9

rods

Question 10

Cones are most concentrated in the _

Answer 10

fovea

Question 11

The concentration of cones _ with increasing distance from the fovea. Rods exist _

Answer 11

decreases sharply

everywhere in the retina except in the fovea

Question 12

The rods’ photochemical is called _

Answer 12

rhodopsin

Question 13

Cone vision, also called photopic vision or bright-light vision, is specialized for _ and for _

Answer 13

high acuity (the ability to see fine detail)

color perception.

Question 14

Rod vision, also called scotopic vision or dim-light vision, is specialized for _

Answer 14

sensitivity (the ability to see in very dim light).

Question 15

The gradual increase in sensitivity that occurs after you enter a darkened room is called _, and the more rapid decrease in sensitivity that occurs after you turn on a bright lamp or step out into sunlight is called _.

Answer 15

dark adaptation

light adaptation

Question 16

The wavelengths of light visible to humans range from about _

Answer 16

400 to 700 nm

Question 17

Shorter waves of electromagnetic energy, below our visible range, include _; longer waves, above our visible range, include _

Answer 17

ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays

infrared rays, radar rays, and radio waves

Question 18

According to the _, three different wavelengths of light (called primaries) can be used to match any color that the eye can see if they are mixed in the appropriate proportions.

Answer 18

three-primaries law

Question 19

According to the _, pairs of wavelengths can be found that, when added together, produce the visual sensation of _.

Answer 19

law of complementarity

white

Question 20

additive color mixing works for _

Answer 20

light. you get white

Question 21

subtractive color mixing works when dealing with _

Answer 21

pigments. you get black

Question 22

There are two theories of color vision, both developed in the nineteenth century: the _ and the _.

Answer 22

trichromatic theory

opponent-process theory

Question 23

According to the trichromatic theory, color vision emerges from the _

Answer 23

combined activity of three different types of receptors, each most sensitive to a different range of wavelengths.

Question 24

The cones are labeled _

Answer 24

“blue,” “green,” and “red,”

Question 25

The most common forms of dichromia involve the absence of the normal photochemical for either the _ cones

Answer 25

“red” or the “green”

Question 26

opponent-process theory:

Answer 26

how certain pairs of wavelengths produce the experience of white

Question 27

The opponent-process theory also accounts for another psychological phenomenon, the _

Answer 27

complementarity of afterimages.

Question 28

by who: trichromatic theorytrichromatic theory

Answer 28

Young and Helmholtz

Question 29

Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision The theory was confirmed by the discovery of _ that behave just as the theory predicted.

Answer 29

visual neurons

Question 30

Greenough and his colleagues called the processes whereby synapses are formed and maintained when an organism has species-typical experiences as _

Answer 30

experience-expectant processes (or experience-expectant synaptogenesis).

Question 31

Because of their sensitivity to the elementary features of a scene, these neurons are called _.

Answer 31

feature detectors

Question 32

Anne Treisman (1986, 1998) developed a theory of visual perception that she called a _.

Answer 32

feature-integration theory

Question 33

who developed the feature-integration theory

Answer 33

Anne Treisman

Question 34

The essence of Treisman’s theory is that the detection and integration occur _, in _ fundamentally different steps or stages of information processing.

Answer 34

sequentially two

Question 35

The first stage is the _, which occurs instantaneously and involves _.

Answer 35

detection of features parallel processing

Question 36

The second stage is the _, which requires more time and leads eventually to our perception of _, spatially organized patterns and objects. This step involves _, which occurs _

Answer 36

integration of features whole serial processing sequentially

Question 37

Treisman also found that subjects who saw simple stimuli flashed briefly on a screen easily identified which primitive features were present but sometimes misperceived which features went together, a phenomenon called _.

Answer 37

illusory conjunctions

Question 38

Treisman had developed her model of feature integration, adherents to the school of thought known as _ had argued that we automatically perceive whole, organized patterns and objects.

Answer 38

Gestalt psychology

Question 39

the whole is different from the sum of its parts because the whole is defined by the way the parts are _, not just by the parts themselves.

Answer 39

organized

Question 40

list all of the Gestalt principles of grouping

Answer 40

1. proximity 2. Good continuation 3. Closure 4. Similarity 5. Common movement 6. Good form

Question 41

Proximity.

Answer 41

We tend to see stimulus elements that are near each other as parts of the same object and those that are separated as parts of different objects.

Question 42

Similarity.

Answer 42

We tend to see stimulus elements that physically resemble each other as parts of the same object and those that do not resemble each other as parts of different objects.

Question 43

Closure.

Answer 43

We tend to see forms as completely enclosed by a border and to ignore gaps in the border. This helps us perceive complete objects even when they are partially occluded by other objects.

Question 44

Good continuation.

Answer 44

When lines intersect, we tend to group the line segments to form continuous lines with minimal change in direction. This helps us decide which lines belong to which object when two or more objects overlap.

Question 45

Common movement.

Answer 45

When multiple elements move in the same direction and at the same rate, we tend to see them as part of a single object. This helps us distinguish a moving object (such as a camouflaged animal) from the background.

Question 46

Good form.

Answer 46

The perceptual system strives to produce percepts that are elegant—simple, uncluttered, symmetrical, regular, and predictable (Chater, 1996; Koffka, 1935). This rather unspecific principle encompasses the other principles listed above but also includes other ways by which the perceptual system organizes stimuli into their simplest (most easily explained) arrangement.

Question 47

In addition to proposing the six principles of grouping just listed, the Gestaltists (particularly Rubin, 1915/1958) called attention to our automatic tendency to divide any visual scene into_

Answer 47

figure (the object that attracts attention) and ground (the background).

Question 48

The whole affects your perception of the features. Without your conscious awareness, at a speed measurable in milliseconds, your visual system uses the sensory input from a scene to draw inferences about what is actually present—a process called _.

Answer 48

unconscious inference

Question 49

Brain scientists and perceptual psychologists refer to control that comes from higher up in the brain as _, and they refer to control that comes more directly from the sensory input as _

Answer 49

top-down control bottom-up control.

Question 50

Some clues come from observations of people who, after a stroke or other source of brain damage, can still see but can no longer make sense of what they see, a condition called _.

Answer 50

visual agnosia

Question 51

People with _ can see that something is present and can identify some of its elements, such as its color and brightness, but cannot perceive its shape.

Answer 51

visual form agnosia

Question 52

people with _ can describe and draw the shapes of objects that they are shown, but still cannot identify the objects

Answer 52

visual object agnosia

Question 53

The “what” pathway, or the lower, temporal stream, is specialized for _.

Answer 53

identifying objects

Question 54

Experiments involving single-cell recording in monkeys and fMRI in humans have shown that neurons in the what pathway typically respond best to _, in ways that are quite consistent with the _ theory

Answer 54

complex geometric shapes and to whole objects recognition-by-components

Question 55

The “where” pathway, or the upper, parietal stream, maintains a _. Researchers have found that this pathway is also crucial for the use of _

Answer 55

map of three-dimensional space, localizing objects within that space. visual information to guide a person’s movements

Question 56

This _ refers to the fact that people are better able to distinguish between and to remember faces from their own race or ethnic group than from other races or ethnic groups

Answer 56

own-race bias

Question 57

When it comes to recognizing faces the _ and _ lobes are used but some specific regions within the _ lobe also play a role. Research using brain imaging has identified the _ within the _ lobe as being especially active when people recognize familiar faces

Answer 57

occipital temporal temporal fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area (FFA)) temporal

Question 58

the _ appears to be responsible for processing new faces and distinguishing faces from other objects, and is strongly connected to the _

Answer 58

occipital face area fusiform face area

Question 59

name of the condition in which subjects cannot recognize faces:

Answer 59

prosopagnosia

Question 60

The most important binocular (two-eye) cue for depth perception is _, which refers to the slightly different (disparate) views that the two eyes have of the same object or scene.

Answer 60

binocular disparity

Question 61

The less the disparity, the _ the distance

Answer 61

greater

Question 62

In motion parallax, the changed vantage point comes from the _, and in binocular parallax (or disparity), it comes from the _.

Answer 62

movement of the head separation of the two eyes

Question 63

All the remaining monocular depth cues, however, can provide a sense of depth in pictures as well as in the real three-dimensional world, and thus they are called _.

Answer 63

pictorial cues for depth

Question 64

list of the Pictorial cues for depth:

Answer 64

Occlusion, Relative image size for familiar objects, Linear perspective, Texture gradient, Position relative to the horizon, Differential lighting of surfaces.

Question 65

Occlusion:

Answer 65

Near objects occlude more distant ones.

Question 66

Relative image size for familiar objects:

Answer 66

Because we know that people are not taller than mountains, we take the woman’s larger image as a sign that she must be closer to us than are the mountains.

Question 67

Linear perspective,

Answer 67

Parallel lines appear to converge as they become more distant.

Question 68

Texture gradient,

Answer 68

gradual decrease in the size and spacing of texture elements indicates depth.

Question 69

Position relative to the horizon,

Answer 69

In outdoor scenes, objects nearer the horizon are usually farther away than those that are displaced from the horizon in either direction

Question 70

Differential lighting of surfaces:

Answer 70

Inrealthree-dimensionalscenesthe amount of light reflected from different surfaces varies as a function of their orientation with respect to the sun or other source of light.

Question 71

The ability to see an object as unchanged in size, despite change in the image size as it moves farther away or closer, is called _.

Answer 71

size constancy

Question 72

size constancy

Answer 72

The ability to see an object as unchanged in size, despite change in the image size as it moves farther away or closer

Question 73

It is not difficult to produce drawings in which two identical lines or objects appear to be different in size. Two classic examples are: _ (1968) offered a depth-processing theory to account for these and various other size illusions.

Answer 73

the Ponzo illusion (/-\) and the Müller-Lyer illusion (>--< & <-->) Richard Gregory

Question 74

Richard Gregory (1968) offered a depth-processing theory:

Answer 74

If one object is judged to be farther away than the other but the two produce the same-size retinal image, then the object judged as farther away will be judged as larger. (Ponzo illusion)

Question 75

The moon illusion:

Answer 75

the moon looks huge when it is near the earth’s horizon, just above the trees or buildings in the distance, but looks much smaller when it is closer to the zenith (directly overhead).

Question 76

If asked to judge distance, most people say that the horizon moon looks closer (because they know that the moon doesn’t really change size, so its large apparent size must be due to closeness). This explanation has been called the _

Answer 76

farther-larger-nearer theory

Question 77

Multisensory integration (or multimodal integration) is the _

Answer 77

integration of information from different senses by the nervous system.

Question 78

when sight and sound are put in conflict with one another, vision usually “wins.” This is called the _

Answer 78

visual dominance effect

Question 79

when one hears a person speak one sound (the phoneme “ba,” for example), but watches a face articulating a different sound (the phoneme “ga,” for example).

Answer 79

McGurk effect

Question 80

McGurk effect

Answer 80

when one hears a person speak one sound (the phoneme “ba,” for example), but watches a face articulating a different sound (the phoneme “ga,” for example).

Question 81

Multisensory neurons are

Answer 81

neurons that are influenced by stimuli from more than one sense modality

Question 82

researchers determined that multisensory integration is most apt to occur when the individual sensory stimuli (1) _, (2) _, and (3) _

Answer 82

come from the same location arise at approximately the same time evoke relatively weak responses when presented in isolation.

Question 83

Multisensory neurons are found throughout the brain, but multisensory integration also occurs when the _

Answer 83

outputs of unimodal neurons (those that respond only to a single type of sensory stimulation) are integrated

Question 84

_ : meaning literally “_” (from Greek), a condition in which sensory stimulation in one modality induces a sensation in a different modality.

Answer 84

synesthesia joined perception

Question 85

the frequencies of the types of stimuli that evoke synesthesia (called _) and the types of synesthetic sensations (called _)

Answer 85

inducers concurrent

Question 86

common interpretation of synesthesia, the _, propose that it is due to _

Answer 86

sensory cross-activation hypothesis cross-activation between different areas of the brain

Question 87

For the most common type of synesthesia, grapheme-color, the cross- activation is proposed to occur within the _, between one area that represents the_ (numbers and letters) and an adjacent area associated with _

Answer 87

fusiform gyrus visual appearance of graphemes color vision, called V4

Question 88

The _ effect reflects the integration of shapes and sounds, attributed to how the mouth is rounded for making some sounds (associated with round shapes) relative to others (jagged shapes).

Answer 88

“Bouba/Kiki”