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History Patterns - Unit 3 > Chap 10.3 Slides > Flashcards

Chap 10.3 Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What was the most valuable resource in West Africa?

A

West Africa. produced valuable resources—gold—that brought high prices.

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2
Q

What arose as a result of the gold in Ghana?

A

By the 800s, rulers of Ghana had used the wealth from these products to create a huge, powerful empire

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3
Q

What was the biggest problem in Ghana?

A
  • Ghana had many resources but had no easy access to sea
  • Sahara desert blocked overland trade routes
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4
Q

How did Ghana adapt to this geographic problem?

A
  • Berber traders learned how to cross Sahara
  • Traveled in large caravans with camels
  • Camels did not need much water, could survive trip across desert
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5
Q

What were the goods traded by Ghana?

A
  • Ghana became key player in African trade
  • traders traded food, hard goods, copper, salt for gold
  • Ghana traded salt to people in south, where salt scarce
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6
Q

Ghana was a trading empire of _______ and ___________

Where was the center of this trade?

A
  • 800 AD, Ghana controlled nearly all trade of salt, gold in sub-Saharan Africa
  • Capital, Koumbi-Saleh, located between Ghana’s gold mines, desert trade routes, was preferred trading place
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7
Q

How did Ghana’s kings build wealth?

A
  • Ghana’s kings built great wealth taxing goods
  • Majority of taxes charged on salt
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8
Q

How was gold supply kept scarce?

Why did Ghana do this?

A
  • Gold not taxed the same; taxes might discourage traders from buying gold
  • To keep gold prices high, kings ruled only they could own large gold nuggets
  • Others could only own gold dust; kept location of gold mines secret
  • This kept supply of gold scarce; kept market from being flooded
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9
Q

What did Ghana’s kings do with the money gained from trade

What did the Ghana kings do?

A

Money from trade, taxes allowed kings to live lavish lifestyle

•Ghana’s kings also used wealth to build up huge army when needed

–Used army to conquer other peoples in area

Captured people sold as slaves to Muslim traders

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10
Q

What did Ghana’s kings want to do?

What did this lead to?

A
  • Mid-1000s, Ghana’s empire rich and powerful
  • King tried to expand
  • Attempt led to long war
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11
Q

In 1076, Ghana’s capital of ______ was captured by ____________

A

•In 1076, Almoravids captured Koumbi-Saleh, Ghana’s capital

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12
Q

How did Ghana decline?

A
  • Almoravids controlled capital temporarily
  • Ghana’s empire was weakened
  • King unable to deal with rebellion in part of empire
  • Soon Ghana fell into decline; new empire took its place
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13
Q

What empire arose in the 1230s?

A

In the 1230s, the empire of Mali rose to power on the same territory.

Mali expanded to the Atlantic Ocean and became a wealthy and sophisticated empire.

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14
Q

How was Mali founded?

What made it grow in power?

A
  • Founders of Mali, Malinke had been active in Ghana’s gold trade
  • 1230, grew frustrated with policies of neighboring peoples, rose up to conquer them; became leading power in West Africa
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15
Q

Leader of Mali’s rise to power was a king called _________

A

•Leader of Mali’s rise to power, king named Sundiata

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16
Q

Stories of Sundiata’s reign were told in __________

A
  • After conquest, Sundiata ruled 25 years
  • Story of reign, accomplishments told in epic, also called Sundiata
17
Q

Who came after Sundiata’s reign?

What happened to Mali during this time?

A

A relative of Sundiata, Mansa Musa came to power in 1307.

During his reign, Mali’s territory expanded and its population grew.

18
Q

How was Mali able to stay peaceful during Musa’s reign?

A
  • During Musa’s reign, Mali grew wealthier than ever
  • Much wealth came from taxation of gold-salt trade
  • Mali kept order along Saharan trade routes by using large army
  • kept life in Mali relatively peaceful
19
Q

What was the religion in Mali during Musa’s reign?

A

Islam in Mali

•Mansa Musa devout Muslim

20
Q

How was Islam introduced to Africa?

Where was Islam most powerful?

A
  • Introduced into West Africa by Muslim traders in Ghana, Islam did not take hold initially
  • In Mali, Islam became powerful influence, especially among ruling class
  • 1324, Musa set out on hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca
21
Q

What were results of Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca?

A
  • Musa impressed people with clothing, generous gifts
  • Trip to Mecca led to great changes in Mali
  • Returning to kingdom, Musa brought artists, architects who designed beautiful mosques; also built schools, libraries where people could study Qu’ran, other Islamic writings
22
Q

What were the effects of this pilgrimage to Mecca outside of Africa?

A
  • Musa’s hajj brought Mali to attention of Europe
  • Mali began to appear on European maps for first time
  • Within a century, Europeans began to search West Africa for source of Mali’s riches
23
Q

What contributed to the decline of Mali?

A
  • Rulers following Musa not as strong
  • Several peoples broke away, set up independent kingdoms
  • Mali also invaded from outside
24
Q

What was the empire after Mali?

A

Empire of Songhai

25
Q

How did Songhai become wealthy?

What was the influence on Songhai?

A
  • Songhai existed as small kingdom for centuries, paid tribute to Ghana, Mali
  • Grew wealthy trading goods along Niger River
  • Came in contact with Muslim traders; Islam became influence on culture
26
Q

Who was the leader of Songhai?

What did Songhai want to do once it became strong?

A
  • 1460s, rulers had become strong, rich enough to take control of former empire of Mali
  • Songhai’s rise under leadership of military leader Sunni Ali
27
Q

What did Sunni Ali do militarily?

A
  • Ali’s first act as leader: took Timbuktu
  • Led number of campaigns against neighboring peoples to build empire
  • Military success came from army of skilled cavalry, navy of war canoes
  • Conquered new territories, replaced local leaders
28
Q

Songhai’s culture reached its height under this ruler: ____________

A

Askia Muhammad

29
Q

What did Askia Muhammad accomplish during his reign?

A

•During 35 years he ruled, Askia Muhammad expanded Songhai, strengthened its government

30
Q

Was Askia Muhammad a Muslim?

What did he do?

A
  • Askia Muhammad, Songhai’s first Muslim ruler
  • Islam had been introduced earlier; Sunni Ali never became Muslim
  • Made pilgrimage to Mecca
  • Traveled through Egypt, gained support of Muslim rulers
31
Q

What resulted from Askia Muhammad’s pilgrimage to Mecca?

A

Trade Resumed

  • During pilgrimage, Askia Muhammad made contact with traders from North Africa
  • Trans-Saharan resumed
  • Askia Muhammad used wealth to once again make Timbuktu center of culture, Islamic scholarship
32
Q

What ended Askia Muhammad’s reign?

What happened to empire after?

A
  • Eventually overthrown by son
  • By 1591 empire conquered by Morocco
33
Q

East of Songhai lived people called __________

A

Hausa City-States

  • East of Songhai lived people called the Hausa
  • Hausa society, based on independent city-states
34
Q

Was Hausa a city-state or empire?

What was their economy based on?

A
  • City-states never united into empire, but traded, cooperated with each other
  • Economy based on farming, manufacturing, trade
  • Much farm labor performed by enslaved people
35
Q

What were the Hausa people known for?

A

Enslaved Peoples, Artisans

  • Slaves build cities; slaves became one of Hausa’s chief exports
  • Other important exports included cloth, leather goods
  • Hausa known as skilled weavers, dyers
  • Cotton cloth high demand throughout much of West Africa
36
Q

Another kingdom was ___________

What was this kingdom known for?

A

Yoruba Kingdoms

  • Another complex society
  • Over time Yoruba established number of strong kingdoms

Artistic Skills

  • artistic skills
  • Yoruba artists produced realistic sculptures out of terra-cotta, bronze, brass, copper; many depict Yoruba leaders
37
Q

This kingdom was southwest Africa:

A
  • Southwest of Yoruba kingdoms, powerful kingdom
  • Located deep in forests of Niger delta; powerful by the 1000s
  • Huge city, several miles across, featuring large houses, wide streets
  • Mid-1400s, ambitious oba, or ruler, Ewuare came to power in Benin
  • Built powerful army, went to war
38
Q

Who traded with the Kingdom of Benin?

A

Trade with Portuguese

  • By Ewuare’s death, Benin stretched from Niger west into central Nigeria
  • Late 1400s, Portuguese sailors arrived in Benin
  • Benin sold war captives as slaves
  • Continued to trade pepper, ivory, cotton for gold from Portuguese
39
Q

Describe Benin art

A
  • Like Yoruba, people of Benin known for arts
  • Statues of bronze, brass, copper created to honor notable leaders
  • Copper plaques displayed in cities
  • Brought home by Portuguese, this art became popular in Europe

History Patterns - Unit 3 (9 decks)

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