chap 11

Question 1

CHAPTER 11 TITLE

Answer 1

PSYCHOLOGY AND SAFETY: THE HUMAN ELEMENT IN LOSS PREVENTION

Question 2

It is the study of behavior, encompassing clinical, developmental, educational, experimental, industrial, social, and physiological psychology.

Answer 2

Psychology

Question 3

These are enduring reactions toward people, places, or objects, based on our beliefs and feelings.

Answer 3

Attitudes

Question 4

It is the specific attitude and emotional feeling that individuals have about their jobs.

Answer 4

Job Satisfaction

Question 5

It is the meeting of individuals’ needs and the extent to which employees recognize this meeting of needs comes from jobs. Some researchers believe if morale is low, employee motivation will also be low

Answer 5

Morale

Question 6

The inner drive, impulse, or need creates a personal incentive toward behavior.

It is an individual’s tendency toward action in a given situation.

Answer 6

Motivation

Question 7

Popular Views of Motivation

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Goal-Directed School of Motivation
Behavioral School

Question 8

The inner drives of individuals are examined to explain why human behavior takes place.

• Examples: Maslow’s Needs- Hierarchy Theory,
  McClelland’s Need-Achievement Theory, Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory

Answer 8

Goal-Directed School of Motivation

Question 9

It examines the environmental factors influencing human performance.
- Examples: Pavlovian / Classical Conditioning
Theory, Skinner/ Operant Conditioning Theory

Answer 9

Behavioral School

Question 10

● People have basic needs—hunger, thirst, and desire for warmth—that must be satisfied before more advanced needs become motivating influences.
● Theory by Dr. Abraham Maslow.

Answer 10

Maslow’s Needs-Hierarchy Theory

Question 11

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Answer 11

check goodnotes

Question 12

when one has satisfied all the lower levels of needs and a concern for the well-being of others or the state of society.

Answer 12

Self-actualization

Question 13

refers to the individual’s sense of personal worth, i.e. Self-respect, dignity, independence and confidence

Answer 13

Esteem

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● A goal-directed theory that has acquired significant attention due to tangible research supporting its premise.
● Theory by David Mcclelland

Answer 14

McClelland’s Need-Achievement Theory

Question 15

3 ESSENTIAL MOTIVES THAT DRIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Answer 15

ACHIEVEMENT
AFFILIATION
POWER

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it is the accomplishment of tasks and activitie

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ACHIEVEMENT

Question 17

They seek the company of others and find satisfaction in close relationships.

Answer 17

AFFILIATION

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Probably the most misinterpreted. It doesn’t necessarily mean insidious and tyrannical control over people but the ability to positively influence others

Answer 18

POWER

Question 19

● Theory by Frederick Herzberg
● In his Motivation Hygiene Theory, it states that
employee motivation depends on the characteristics of the job referred to as intrinsic job factors

Answer 19

Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory

Question 20

Job Motivators (5)

Answer 20

Creativity
Activity
Authority
Importance
Job Satisfaction

Question 21

It reflects the opportunity for individuals to apply inventiveness, resourcefulness, and personal talents to the work situation

Answer 21

Creativity

Question 22

It refers to a steady and physically acceptable level of performance.

Answer 22

Activity

Question 23

It refers to the amount of power inherent in a job to influence or control the work activities of others

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Authority

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It refers to the perceived value of the work performed. When coupled with interest, the chance to perform activities compatible with
the individual’s personal preferences, importance makes employee motivation tend to soar.

Answer 24

Importance

Question 25

It describes the positive feeling workers have about their jobs. It implies employees are meeting their needs through their work.

Answer 25

Job Satisfaction

Question 26

● Theory by Pavlov ● Pavlovian conditioning explains behavior as reflexive in nature.

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Pavlovian / Classical Conditioning Theory

Question 27

The traditional example is of dogs salivating when a stimulus, a bell, is paired with the presentation of food. Pavlov found the conditioned or learned stimulus produces the same response as the unconditioned or natural stimulus. One industrial example is the near-fatal shock of an electrician at a high-voltage substation. When he returned to work after a six-month absence, the employee could not pass through the gates of the power substation without experiencing debilitating anxiety. The power substation became his conditioned stimulus associated with severe and intense pain.

Answer 27

Pavlovian / Classical Conditioning Theory

Question 28

● Theory by B.F Skinner ● It is a process in which the frequency of occurrence of behavior is modified by the consequences of the behavior; that is, the consequences of people’s actions will determine future actions.

Answer 28

Skinner / Operant Conditioning Theory

Question 29

referred to as the environment or environmental stimuli, may increase, decrease, or have little effect on behavior.

Answer 29

External Consequences

Question 30

It is when the likelihood of a response increases following the presentation of an event or stimulus.

Answer 30

Positive reinforcement

Question 31

It is when the likelihood of a response decreases following the presentation of an event or stimulus.

Answer 31

Punishment

Question 32

It is the removal of a positive stimulus, reducing the likelihood of a behavior recurring in the future.

Answer 32

Extinction

Question 33

OPERANT CONDITIONING MODEL PAGE 32

Question 34

Applying Motivation Theories ● Employees are rational; they always do the rational thing—in their own minds. ● Motivational Theories attempt to apply what has been learned about a few to the whole population.

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The Rational Employee

Question 35

to determine the factors supporting undesirable performance and develop strategies to modify behavior.

Answer 35

Challenge

Question 36

Several Possible Factors Leading To Undesirable Safety Performance

Answer 36

• Employee Background • Peer Influence • Company Environment

Question 37

Defined as education, training, the balance of intellect, and judgment. When considered from a safety management perspective, establishing a safety culture should be viewed as nurturing and cultivating an organizational system that values low risk in guiding all its actions

Answer 37

SAFETY CULTURE

Question 38

discussed the relationship between paradigm, values, principles, and success.

Answer 38

STEPHEN COVEY

Question 39

A model or frame of reference. It is used to understand what is happening at any given point in time, as well as where we want to go. Organizational Paradigm and clear conceptualization of values, principles, and goals are the foundations of a culture that will promote the right actions to achieve excellence and success.

Answer 39

PARADIGM

Question 40

A set of convictions a person holds about a specific mode of conduct and the relative importance of those convictions. Values influence behavior. They impact the way people work, the way people treat others, or the way people react to figures of authority.

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Value System

Question 41

• This paradigm also holds true for organizational cultures. • Values are not part of the paradigm or guidelines that magically appear overnight • For organizations, it is primarily managers’ values that mold the organizational values and establish, whether consciously or unconsciously, the safety culture and how it defines success.

Answer 41

VALUE SYSTEM

Question 42

● The premise behind the use of incentives is that employees require added encouragement to work safely. ● It is an unfortunate fact that incentive programs frequently create more problems than they solve. ● According to the operant conditioning theory of motivation, extinction occurs when a reinforcer is removed and behavior terminates. ● Employees will sometimes sandbag reports of accidents and injuries until the end of the incentive program, at which time the incident is reported as if it has just happened. ● Incentive programs create unhealthy competition when individuals, crews, departments, or plants undermine the activities of their competitors to gain awards.

Answer 42

INCENTIVES AND INHERENT REINFORCEMENT

Question 43

By sharing responsibility for success, including success in safety, everyone becomes a player with a vested interest.

Answer 43

Employee Empowerment and Job Enrichment

Question 44

With the current emphasis on safety culture and\________, progressive companies are recognizing the value of employee-driven safety programs.

Answer 44

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Question 45

reflect the importance of intrinsic job factors for the promotion of safety.

Answer 45

‘‘Employee Empowerment’’ and ‘‘Job Enrichment’’

Question 46

are those positive aspects of our behavior and environment that are self-perpetuating.

Answer 46

Intrinsic reinforcements

Question 47

involves adding more tasks to the job to make it more interesting and enjoyable

Answer 47

Job enrichment