prefi chap 1-9 Flashcards
1
Q
Terms and Concepts in the Safety Profession
Safety professionals complete the requirements
for these designations: (3)
A
- ‘‘Certified Safety Professional’’ (CSP)
- ‘‘Certified Industrial Hygienist’’ (CIH)
- or others related to occupational safety
and health.
2
Q
Safety Professionals use the techniques: (2)
A
- Loss prevention
- Loss control
3
Q
describes a program designed to identify and correct potential accident problems before they result in financial loss or injury.
A
loss of prevention
4
Q
Is a program designed to minimize incident-based financial losses.
A
loss of control
5
Q
are important to the safety professional who attempts to
recognize, evaluate, and control hazards in the workplace.
A
Loss prevention and loss control techniques
5
Q
techniques are important to the safety professional who attempts to
recognize, evaluate, and control hazards in the workplace. This is part of the process referred to as:
A
6
Q
“Safety Management” (4)
A
- Planning
- Organizing
- Leading
- Controlling
7
Q
Terms and Concepts in the Safety Profession (4)
A
RASH
risk
accidents
safety
hazard
8
Q
defined as ‘‘operating within an
acceptable or low probability of risk associated withconditions or activities having the potential to cause harm to people, equipment, facilities or the enterprise.’’
A
“Safety”
9
Q
can be defined as the measure of the probability and severity of a loss event taking place.
A
risk
10
Q
is a workplace condition or
worker action that can result in injury, illness, or
other organizational loss.
A
hazard
11
Q
are unplanned events, often resulting in injuries or damage, that often interrupt routine operations.
A
Accidents:
12
Q
Job Titles of Individuals Performing
Occupational Safety and Health Activities: (5)
A
- Industrial Hygienist
- Risk Manager
- Safety Professional
- Safety Engineer
- Safety Manager
12
Q
Job Titles of Individuals Performing
Occupational Safety and Health Activities: (5)
A
- Industrial Hygienist
- Risk Manager
- Safety Professional
- Safety Engineer
- Safety Manager
13
Q
The 12 Safety and Health Professional’s Role & Responsibilities
A
- Accidents Investigation
- Work with Emergency Response Teams
- Environmental Protection
- Ergonomic Analysis and Modification
- Fire Protection
- Hazard Recognition
- Hazardous Materials Management
- Health Hazard Control
- Inspection/Audit
- Recordkeeping
- Regulatory Compliance
- Training
14
Q
Functions of the Professional Safety Position Major areas relating to the protection of people, property and the environment are: (4)
A
A. Anticipate, identify and evaluate hazardous
conditions and practices.
B. Develop hazard control designs, methods,
procedures and programs.
C. Implement, administer and advise others
on hazard controls and hazard control
programs.
D. Measure, audit and evaluate the
effectiveness of hazard controls and
hazard control programs
15
Q
is one that attempts to get even with someone or to punish them for some wrongdoing.
A
Retaliatory act
16
Q
Retaliation can include negative job action such as (4)
As long as the employer’s adverse action would discourage a reasonable
person in the situation from making a complaint, it constitutes illegal retaliation.
A
demotion
discipline firing
salary reduction
job orshift reassignment.
17
Q
Retaliation can include negative job action such as (4)
As long as the employer’s adverse action would discourage a reasonable
person in the situation from making a complaint, it constitutes illegal retaliation.
A
demotion
discipline firing
salary reduction
job orshift reassignment.
17
Q
Retaliation can include negative job action such as (4)
As long as the employer’s adverse action would discourage a reasonable
person in the situation from making a complaint, it constitutes illegal retaliation.
A
demotion
discipline firing
salary reduction
job orshift reassignment.
18
Q
Retaliation can include negative job action such as (4)
As long as the employer’s adverse action would discourage a reasonable
person in the situation from making a complaint, it constitutes illegal retaliation.
A
demotion
discipline firing
salary reduction
job orshift reassignment.
19
Q
Retaliation can include negative job action such as (4)
As long as the employer’s adverse action would discourage a reasonable
person in the situation from making a complaint, it constitutes illegal retaliation.
A
demotion
discipline firing
salary reduction
job orshift reassignment.
20
Q
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 encourages: (4)
A
● Encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards
● Establish responsibilities and rights for employers and employees
● Establish training programs to increase the competence of workers
● Develop mandatory job safety and health standards for workers
21
Q
The following are not covered under the Act: (3)
A
● Self-employed persons
● Farms at which only immediate members of the
farm employer’s family are employed
● Workplaces already protected by other federal agencies under other federal statutes
22
Coverage is provided either
● directly by federal OSHA or
● through an OSHA-approved state program
23
OSHA standards fall into four categories: (4)
● General Industry
● Maritime
● Construction
● Agriculture
24
OSHA standards were taken from these
sources: (2)
Consensus standards
Proprietary standards
25
are developed by experts within certain fields, industries or associations.
example: Compressed Gas Association,
Safe Handling of Compressed Gases.
Proprietary standards:
26
Employer Responsibilities and Rights (6)
* Examine workplace conditions to make sure they comply with applicable standards
* Minimize or reduce hazards
* Use color codes, posters, labels, or signs when needed to warn employees of potential hazards
* Provide training required by OSHA standards
* Keep OSHA-required records
* Provide access to employee medical records and exposure records to employees or their authorized representatives
27
inspections (5)
1. Imminent danger situations
2. Catastrophes and fatal accidents
3. Employee complaints
4. Programmed high-hazard inspections
5. Follow-up inspections
28
are inspected first. Where there is reasonable certainty that an employee is exposed to a hazard likely to cause death or immediate serious physical harm, OSHA will try to respond as soon as possible.
Imminent danger situations
29
are investigated after imminent danger situations. If three or more employees are hospitalized or if an employee is killed, OSHA must be notified within eight hours
Catastrophes and fatal accidents
30
alleging violation of standards or unsafe or unhealthy working conditions, are investigated after catastrophes and fatal accidents. The employee has the right
to remain anonymous to his employer.
Employee complaints
31
are
given the next priority. These are aimed at
specific high-hazard industries, occupations, or
health substances. Selection is based on
factors such as death, injury, and illness
incidence rates and employee exposure to
hazardous substances
Programmed high-hazard inspections
32
are given last priority.
These are used to determine if previously cited
violations have been corrected
follow-up inspections
33
Inspection Process (3)
Opening Conference:
Inspection Tour
closing conference
34
Types of Citations (4)
Citations for willful violations
Citations for serious violations
Citations for other than serious violations
Repeat violation citations
35
- are issued when the employer disobeys, with an
intentional disregard of, or plain indifference to,
the requirements of the OSHAct and regulations.
The employer need not be guilty of malicious
intent to be considered in willful violation.
Citations for willful violations
36
- are issued when there is a substantial probability
that death or serious physical harm could result
and that the employer knew or should have
known of the hazard. Violations of th
. Citations for serious violations
37
- are issued when a situation would affect safety
or health but there is a small probability of the
hazard resulting in death or serious physical
harm. There is often no penalty assessed, but
the hazard must still be corrected
Citations for other than serious violations
38
- are issued when the original violation has been
abated, but upon re-inspection, another violation
of the previously cited section of a standard is
noted. They may be inadvertent, but if they are
found to be willful, both a willful and a repeat
citation may be issued.
Repeat violation citations
39
common law defenses/ employer's defense (3)
1. Assumption of Risk
2. Contributory Negligence
3. Fellow-servant rule
40
Assumption of Risk
➢ Employees accept risks associated with the job
and by doing so, forfeit any right to collect
compensation for injuries.
41
➢ Employees accept risks associated with the job
and by doing so, forfeit any right to collect
compensation for injuries.
Assumption of Risk
42
➢ Since the employees contributed to their own
injuries, regardless of how little, they are not
permitted to recover compensation.
Contributory Negligence
43
➢ The employer is not at fault because the
accident was the fault of another employee or
other employees.
Fellow-servant rule
44
is a body of unwritten laws based on judicial
decisions of the past, as opposed to statutory law
that is prepared and enacted by legislative bodies.
Common law
45
By 1948, every state
had passed workers’ compensation legislation.
When those laws were passed, they were referred
to as ___
‘‘workmen’s compensation’’ laws. Today, they are referred to as ‘‘workers’ compensation’’ laws.
46
Modern Workers’ Compensation Laws
When a worker is injured and stands to collect
benefits, that worker must first typically undergo a
waiting period, usually lasting from ____
three to fourteen
days.
47
Injuries are categorized in one of the following ways: (4)
partial
total
temporary
permanent
48
Who is covered by workers’ compensation (9)
1. Every person, including a minor, whether
lawfully or unlawfully employed, in the service
of an employer
2. Every executive officer of a corporation
3. Every person in the service of the state, county,
or city
4. Every person who is a member of a volunteer
ambulance service, fire department, or police
department
5. Every person who is a regularly enrolled
volunteer member or trainee of the civil
defense corps
6. Every person who is an active member of the
National Guard
7. Every person performing service in the course
of the trade, business, profession, or
occupation of an employer at the time of injury
8. Every person regularly selling or distributing
newspapers on the street or to customers at
their homes or places of business
9. Owner(s) of a business, whether or not
employing any other person to perform a
service for hire
49
WHO MUST KEEP RECORDS
Employers with 11 or more employees are subject to OSHA recordkeeping requirements as stated by
29 CFR 1904
50
osha Forms (3)
OSHA 300 log
OSHA 300A
OSHA 301
51
LOG of Work-Related Injuries
and Illnesses
OSHA 300 Log
52
the annual ____Summary of
Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses
OSHA 300A
53
the ____ Injury and Illness Incident
Report
OSHA 301
54
Recordable Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
The employer must enter each recordable injury or
illness on the OSHA 300 Log and 301 Incident Report within ____of receiving
information that a recordable injury or illness has occurred
seven (7) calendar days
55
Any work-related injuries and illnesses that result in one or more of the following must be recorded: (7)
1. Death
2. Das away from work
3. Restricted Work
4. Transfer to another job
5. Medical treatment beyond first aid
6. Loss of consciousness
7. Diagnosis of a significant injury or illness
56
means only the following treatments (any
treatment not included in this list is not considered
first aid for recordkeeping purposes)
‘first aid’’
57
First Aid Cases
● Using a nonprescription medication at
nonprescription strength
● Administering tetanus immunizations
● Cleaning, flushing, or soaking wounds on the
surface of the skin
● Using wound coverings such as bandages,
band-aids, gauze pads, etc., or using butterfly
bandages or Steris trips
● Using hot or cold therapy
● Using any nonrigid means of support, such as
elastic bandages, wraps, nonrigid back belts,
etc.
● Using temporary immobilization devices while
transporting an accident victim
● Drilling of a fingernail or toenail to relieve
pressure, or draining fluid from a blister
● Using eye patches
● Removing foreign bodies from the eye using
only irrigation or a cotton swab
● Removing splinters or foreign material from
areas other than the eye by irrigation,
tweezers, cotton swabs, or other simple means
● Using finger guards
● Using massages
● Drinking fluids for relief of heat stress.
58
If an on-the-job accident occurs,
resulting in the death of an employee or the
hospitalization of three or more employees, all
employers are required to report the accident in
detail to the nearest OSHA office within eight hours
(29 CFR 1904.8). The employer must file a report
by telephone or in person to the OSHA area office
or state plan office.
fatalities
59
The rule requires the
employer to protect the privacy of the injured or ill
employee. The employer must not enter an
employee’s name on the OSHA 300 Log when
recording a privacy concern case. If the
work-related injury or illness involves an intimate
body part or the reproductive system; resulted from
a sexual assault; results in mental illness; leads to
HIV infection, hepatitis, or tuberculosis; results from
needlestick and sharps injuries contaminated with
another person’s blood or other potentially
infectious material; or other illnesses, not injuries, if
the employee independently and voluntarily
requests that his or her name not be entered on the
OSHA 300 Log, it is considered a privacy concern
case
Privacy Concern Cases:
60
addressed in the courts through
prosecution, and the penalty suffered is either a fine
or imprisonment.
Criminal Law:
61
is addressed in the courts through
litigation, and penalties include monetary damages.
Civil Law:
62
is an act or absence of an act, that causes a
person to be injured, a reputation to be marred or
property to be damaged.
Tort:
63
: is either voluntarily assumed as by
contract or imposed as is the case following a
lawsuit
Liability
64
occur when the defendants
intended for their actions to cause the
consequences of their act; they are knowingly
committed.
Intentional Torts:
65
intentional torts (4)
assult
defamation
battery
false imprisonment
66
defamation (2)
libel (witten/radio)
slander (spoken)
67
: occurs when words or actions cause
another person to fear personal harm or
offensive contact
Assault
68
: is the act of injuring another
individual’s reputation by disgracing or
diminishing that person in the eyes of others
Defamation
69
: is harmful or offensive bodily contact
Battery
70
: occurs when a person is
restrained within a fixed are against their will
False Imprisonment
71
Individuals need to also be aware of (4)
Unintentional Torts
negligence
tort
assumption of risk
72
when parties are sued due
to their unintentional actions. Typically, the
parties being sued are negligent.
Unintentional Torts:
73
: Involves creating an unreasonable
harm
Negligence
74
: is an act or absence of an act, that causes
a person to be injured, a reputation to be marred
or property to be damaged.
Tort
75
occurs when the injured
party knowingly accepts the risk involved in the
action that leads to injury.
Assumption of Risk:
76
main purpose of Product Safety Act (4)
1. To protect the public against unreasonable
risks of injury associated with consumer
Brodgers
2. To assist consumers in evaluating the
comparative safety of consumer products.
3. To develop uniform safety standards for
consumer products and to minimize conflicting
state and local regulations.
4. To promote research and investigation in ta the
causes and prevention of product related
deaths, liners, and injuries
77
Theories of Liability (4)
strict liability
negligence
breach of express
breach of implied warranty
78
is the concept that a
manufacturer of a product is liable for injuries
received due to product defects. without the
necessity for a plaintiff to show negligence or
fault
Strict Liability:
79
occurs when the product
does not meet the claims made by the
manufacturer and as a result, damage or injury
occurs to another
Breach of Express:
80
occurs when a
product fails to fulfill the purpose of which it
was intended
Breach of Implied Warranty:
81
- is a legally enforceable promise. It may be
expressed implied-in-fact, or quasi-contractual.
contracts
82
are made when a person engages in
an oral or written commitment to another to
enter into a binding relationship.
express contract
83
occur when parties
indicate through their actions, rather than words,
that they intend to agree
- Implied-in-fact contracts
84
occur when one party would
be enriched unjustly if permitted to enjoy
something received from another party.
Quasi Contracts
85
The concepts of Risk, Incidents, and Accidents. (3)
accidents
incidents
risks
86
: an unplanned event that interferes
with or interrupts normal activity
Accidents
87
: an unintended event that disturbs
normal operations but does not result in any
injuries
Incident
88
: refers to the degree of uncertainty or
probability.
Risk
89
- the highest level of damage possible
when an accident occurs from a particular
hazard
Severity
90
severity of hazard (4)
○ Catastrophic
○ Critical
○ Marginal
○ Negligible
91
Major Hazards in a Workplace (3)
1. Electrical hazards
2. Falling Objects
3. Chemical Hazards
92
ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES
attempt to predict accidents and thus prevent
their occurrence.
93
theories (5)
1. Single Factor Theory
2. Domino Theory
3. Heinrich's Domino Theory
4. Bird and Loftus' Domino Theory
5. Marcus Domino Theory
94
domino theory (3)
○ Pre-contact phase: refers to those events
or conditions that lead up to the accident
○ Contact phase: individual, machinery, or
facility comes into contact with energy forms
of forces beyond their control.
○ Post-contact phase: refers to the result of
accident exposure.
95
➢ States there is a single and relatively simple
cause for all accidents
➢ Example is hand lacerations
Single Factor Theory
96
➢ Accident as a series of related occurrences
which lead to a final event that results in injury
or illness
Domino Theory
97
➢ In the late 1920's, Heinrich developed the
original domino theory of accident causation.
➢ Heinrich's idea was that accidents are a
sequence of events in a predetermined
proceed/follow relationship, like a row of
falling dominos.
. Heinrich's Domino Theory
98
Five factors influence all accidents:
■ Ancestry/Social Environment
■ Fault of a person
■ Unsafe act/mechanical or physical hazard
■ Accident
■ Injury
99
According to Marcum's
Seven Domino Sequence of Misactsidents, a
misactsident is an identifiable sequence of misacts associated with inadequate task preparation leading
to substandard performance and risks
Marcus Domino Theory
100
is an identifiable sequence of misacts
associated with inadequate task preparation leading
to substandard performance and risks
misactsident
101
➢ Manuele (1997) believes that the domino
theories are too simplistic. He proposes the
term unsafe act also be eliminated. Grose's
multiple factors theory uses Ms to represent
factors causing an accident:
Multiple Causation Accident Theories
102
: refers to tools, equipment or
vehicles contributing to the cause of an
accident
Machine
103
: environmental conditions
surrounding an accident
Media
104
: deals with the people and human
factors contributing to the accident
Man
105
: methods used to select
equipment, train personnel or ensure a
relatively hazard free environment
Management
106
is based on interaction among
three components: person, machine, and
environment.
➢ For example: A person operates a noisy
bulldozer on a hot day.
Firenzie's theory
107
is based on the
concept that accidents are the result of human
error
Human Factors Theory
108
Factors that cause human error are (3)
○ Overload: occurs when a person is
burdened with excessive tasks or
responsibilities.
○ Inappropriate activities: another term for
human error.
○ Inappropriate response: occurs when an
employee detects a hazardous condition but
does not correct it, or remove a safeguard
from a machine to increase productivity
109
➢ Accidents result when energy, out of control,
puts more stress on a person or property than
tolerable without damage. William Johnson
expanded Haddon's 10 strategy to 12 referred
to as Management Oversight and Risk Tree
(MORT)
Energy Release Theory
110
are intended to
determine the cause of an incident, to identify
unsafe conditions or acts and to recommend
corrective actions so that similar incidents don't
occur in the future.
➢ During the accident investigation, it is important
to find out answers to the questions who, what,
where, when , why and how.
Incident investigations
111
The objective of mock
drills is to develop competencies of the employees
to various forms of disasters through preventive
hazard activities. Standard operating procedures
should be developed during mock investigations.
Importance of Mock Drill:
