midterm Flashcards by Norhannafarina Hamdag

Assess vision and its relationship to the environment (home, school, work, recreation,
transportation, underwater, outer space)

Environmental Optometry

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Environmental Vision KEY QUESTIONS: (2)

How efficient (competent, capable) are the eyes in carrying out visual demands (depends on the work and hobbies)? – HEALTH
How safe are they in their working environment? – SAFETY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

DANGERS TO VISION (3)

Mechanical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Radiation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Evaluate environment to improve visual performance.

Environmental Optometry

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A type of general confined space hazard that exist when electrical or mechanical equipment may be accidentally activated.

Mechanical Hazards

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mechanical agents are normally described as: (5)

LARGE/SMALL
BLUNT/SHARP
FAST-MOVING/SLOW MOVING
STATIONARY
COMBINATION

a. Large (>2mm) or Small (2mm or less)
b. Blunt (Edges that rip or tear tissue) or Sharp (Edges that make a smooth cut or puncture in tissue)
c. Fast-moving (such as metal flakes from a grindstone) or Slow-moving (such as a fist or finger while playing
sports)
d. Stationary (such as a door, cabinet edge, or protruding object)
e. Any combination of (a) through (d)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mechanical hazards are
agents that are likely to
cause: (4)

PENETRATING LACERATION
NON PENETRATING LACERATION
ABRASION
CONTRUSION

a. Penetrating laceration –
puncture
b. Non-penetrating laceration
– cut
c. Abrasion – scratch/scrape
d. Contusion – damage from
pressure exerted by the
material

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Common mechanical injury mechanisms:

Injuries typically caused by the following or similar
activities: (7)

a. Chiseling; hammering
b. Woodworking
c. Grinding
d. Nailing
e. Drill and lathe use
f. Automobile accidents
g. Explosives

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the science concerned with poisons and how they affect the body.

Toxicology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Factors which determine the toxicity of a substance (5)

Composition of chemicals
Physical state
Amount
Concentration
Particular size

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the routes of absorption in toxicity of substance (4)

oral
topical
injection
inhalation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Duration of Exposure from chemical hazard: (3)

ACUTE
SUB-ACUTE
CHRONIC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chemical hazard:

exposure is very short (within minutes or few days)

Acute

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chemical hazard:

longer than and up to 90 days

sub-acute

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chemical hazard:

exposure for many days or over month or years

chronic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Remedy for chemical hazard: (3)

Removal from further exposure
Detoxification
Supportive therapy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

these are renal dialysis, oxygen, intravenous fluids, proper nutrition and balance electrolytes in the body

supportive therapy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Electromagnetic radiation outside the range of ________ does not significantly contribute to visual perception and some may be harmful to ocular tissue.

400-700 nanometers (nm)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

types of radiation: (6)

a. UV-A
b. UV-B
c. UV-C
d. IR-A
e. IR-B
f. IR-C

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

315-400nm (less damage to the body)

UV-A

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

280-315 nm

UV-B

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

100-280nm

UV-C

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

extending 760-780nm-1400nm

IR-A

1400nm-3000nm

IR-B

3000nm-1mm

IR-C

The relative spectral effectiveness of radiation in eliciting any particular biological effect.

Action Spectrum

TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (7)

MICROWAVE INFRARED VISIBLE LIGHT ULTRAVIOLET XRAY GAMMA RAYS

USED IN MEDICINE FOR KILLING CANCER CELLS

GAMMA RAYS

USED TO VIEW INSIDE OF BODIES AND OBJECTS

X RAY

ABSORBED BY THE SKIN, USED IN FLUORESCENT TUBES

ULTRAVIOLET

MAKES THINGS ABLE TO BE SEEN

VISIBLE LIGHT

TRANSMIT HEAT FROM SUN, FIRES, RADIATORS

INFRARED

USED TO BROADCAST TV/RADIO

RADIO/TV

* The human ______ absorb ultraviolet radiations in the UV-A range.

crystalline lens

* In the UV-A, the cornea has _______transmission while the lens has high absorption.

substantial

* Long periods of exposure UV-A RADITATION may lead to the development of:

human Brunescent Nuclear Cataract.

_______is quite susceptible to UV-A damage to the retina.

Aphakic Eye

is the part of the eye that is most susceptible to radiation damage.

Lens

______ maybe less endangered if the implant has a UV-absorber.

Pseudophakic (Intraocular lens implant)

* For protection, use a________ that absorb UV radiation.

plastic lens with UV-absorber EX. life guard UV-400 treated polycarbonate

Glass lens that absorb a high % of UVA (4)

photobrown extra photogrey yellow autumn lens

it is the longest wavelength reaches deep into the layers of the skin causing wrinkling and aging

UVA

has the largest effect on the top layer of the skin causing redness, burning, skin cancer

UVB

shortest wavelength within the atmosphere

UVC

Absorbed in the cornea and conjunctiva; sufficiently high doses will cause: a.Keratoconjunctivitis b.UV Keratitis

UV-B and UV-C Radiation

painful effect known as SNOW BLINDNESS or to Welders as FLASH BURN

a. Photokeratitis –

UVB AND UVC CAN CAUSE (4)

a. Photokeratitis b. Pain and irritation of the eyes c. Excessive lacrimation d. Spasm of the eyelids

UVB AND UVC Implicated in variety of other conjunctival and corneal lesions, including: (3)

a. Pinguecula b. Pterygium c. Nodular-shaped Keratopathy

certain disease can be triggered by exposure to UV radiation (e.g. herpes simplex, keratitis and recurrent erosions of the cornea)

Nodular-shaped Keratopathy

INFRARED RADIATION (IR) * Adverse biological effects (3)

a. Cataract (Glass Blower’s, Glass Washers, Furnaceman’s Cataract) b. Flash burns of both skins and the cornea of the eye c. Heat stress from less thermal radiations

______transmits IR-A and very susceptible to far IR-C. The threat to the iris and crystalline lens from IR is from near infrared IR-A.

Cornea

A non-profit organization that coordinates the voluntary development and maintenance of standards used by business and industry, government agencies, educational institutions and others.

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD INSTITUTE (ANSI)

______ lenses are now required by the______ for all ______

Impact resistant Food and Drug Administration (FDA) street-wear eyeglasses and sunglasses.

This standard represents the consensus of concerned manufacturers, consumers, and government agencies, scientific, technical and professional organizations.

ANSI

Minimum Requirements for Eye Protection (9)

1. Provides adequate protection against particular hazard for which they were designed 2. Reasonably comfortable when worn under the designated conditions 3. Fit snuggly and not unduly interfere with the movement of the wearer 4. Cleaned easily 5. Capable of being disinfected 6. Durable 7. Kept clean in good repair 8. Made of non-combustible or slow burning materials 9. Distinctively marked as industrial safety wear in the manufacturers name or trademark on the lenses and Z87 logo on the frame.