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geog > chap 11: geographies of globalization > Flashcards

chap 11: geographies of globalization Flashcards

1
Q

whats globalization?

A

A complex combination of economic, political and cultural changes that have long been evident but that have accelerated markedly since approx. 1980 bringing about a seemingly ever-increasing interconnectedness of people and places

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2
Q

what are the dominant economic sectors?

A
  • primary (extractive –resource based)
  • secondary (manufacturing= process of transforming raw materials or components into finished goods)
  • tertiary (services)
  • quaternary (professional services: services that require specialized knowledge, expertise, and skills.)
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3
Q

development increases as you have greater …. of jobs

A

variety / diversity

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4
Q

-“Underdevelopment” (poverty) can be solved through _____ of an economy

A

gr8ter diversification

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5
Q

what about the NIDL (new international division of labour)?

A

-core: mostly tertiary / quaternary (services)
-semi-periphery: mostly secondary manufacturing
-periphery: mostly primary production

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6
Q

whats the first law of geography?

A

Near things are more related than distant things

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7
Q

whats the principle of least effort?

A

Individuals seek to minimize effort in their interactions/ the most effective is least distance, so the least effort

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8
Q

Location decisions minimize the effort required to overcome the ___________ ?

A

friction of distance

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9
Q

Distance can be defined by ?

A

-time (mins pr un car tide par ex)
-cost (si c plus loin il faut payer plus)
-social status ()
-physical effort (ya allah c loin)
-energy (plus de benzin)

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10
Q

The drive to overcome the friction of distance is one way to understand …..

A

globalization

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11
Q

the tendency for distance to shrink over the past few centuries is??

A

time-space convergence

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12
Q

whats a cross-modal technology?

A

containerization

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13
Q

what are different systems of transportations?

A

-water
-railway
-road
-air
-containerization

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14
Q

Give me examples of time-space convergence, in another way, how to overcome distance?

A

-Transportation and communication technologies
-Transnational Corporations
-International Trade

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15
Q

The rise of social media:

A

-New way to overcome distance, interactive
-Use by individuals, groups,
businesses, government
-used for grassroots
planning, activism
-Manipulated for corporate and political control
-Highly concentrated in ownership
-Profit motive fosters control of information feeds
-Capitalizes on human behaviour patterns

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16
Q

most of Transnational
Corporations (TNCs) are located where? and expanding where?

A

-in MDCs
-LDCs

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17
Q

Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are able to engage in?

A

-large companies that operate in multiple countries
foreign direct investment to help other countries

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18
Q

what are the roles of TNCs? (Transnational Corporations)

A
  • command and control economy
    -TNC control from developed countries
  • Production in developing countries
  • Benefit from an international division of labour (IDL)
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19
Q

international trading is helped by what?

A

innovations in transport and communication and transnational corporation

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20
Q

trade can take place if what?

A

the difference between the cost of production in one area and the market price in another will at least cover the cost of overcoming distance (when the profit from selling a product in a different location, considering the higher market price there, is enough to cover the costs of producing and transporting the goods.)

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21
Q

what are the factors affecting trade?

A

-distance
- resource base
- labour force size and quality
-available capital

22
Q

while talking about the imbalances of world trade, developing countries often produce …. of …..

A

narrow range ; lower value goods (only a small variety of less expensive products.)

23
Q

Developing countries often export goods to the
developed countries below/ above their value. why?

A

below; often inclined/coerced to specialize in a small number of
primary products or even a single staple product

24
Q

Developed countries often export goods to
developing countries below/ above their value, why?

A

above; more inclined towards the production of manufactured
goods, or more recently information technologies

25
Q

When was the Bretton Woods agreement?

A

1944 (post 2nd WW)

26
Q

what was the aim of the bretton woods agreement?

A

help rebuild Europe and stabilize the world economy to avoid future disasters

27
Q

what were the 3 institutions of the Bretton woods agreement?

A
  • international monetary fund** (IMF)**
  • international bank for reconstruction and development** (world bank)**
    -general agreements on tariffs and trade (now WTO)
28
Q

what are the 4 roles of the IMF (international monetary fund)?

A
  • create economic stability (employment and domestic demand)

-oversee the system of fixed exchange rates (discourage devaluation of currency within nations)

  • Promote currency convertability (makes global trade possible )
  • acts as a lender of last resort (financial assistance to countries facing economic crises)
29
Q

GATT rules (to govern global trade)

A
  • reduce trade barriers
  • reduce trade competition
  • often countries to foreign direct investment
30
Q

when was GATT replaced by WTO?

A

in 1994

31
Q

when was the world economy booming?

A

from 1945 till 1970

32
Q

when did occur the oil crisis?

A

1973

33
Q

what were the results the oil crisis?

A
  • oil prices skyrocket =hits poor countries the hardest –
    need money for oil
  • OPEC countries, with high oil prices, provided loans in foreign currency to poorer nations through the World Bank and the IMF.
34
Q

what was the end result of the oil crisis ?

A

an increase in borrowing by poorer nations

35
Q

“Since the average citizen of a low-income
debtor country earns less than one fiftieth of the
average citizen of a high-income creditor
country, this process is like trying to extract blood
from a stone.” who said that, when?

A

Susan George, 1993

36
Q

“There are 2 ways to conquer and enslave a
nation. One is by the sword. The other is by debt.” who said that? when?

A

Jhon G. adams, 1912- 2003

37
Q

What are the solutions to the commodity dependence trap ( when a country relies too much on selling their raw materials so when their prices go down it might effect their economy )?

A
  • raise prices for your exports
  • create a new international economic order (NIEO): ensure that developing nations have a fairer say in international economic decisions
    -import substitution ( a country tries to make more things within its own borders instead of buying them from other countries.)
38
Q

what are the 3 aspects of globalization?

A

- global integration: Economic, social, environmental Communication and Transport technologies (multinational corporations using advanced communication and transport technologies in their supply chain networks)
- global governance: The creation of supra-national
bodies: UN, WTO, G-8, OPEC,
NAFTA, EU, …
- global inequity: Growing gap between the rich and the poor

38
Q

what are the 5 levels of economic integration?

A

-free trade area: Lower/remove trade barriers between members; CUSMA is this type): easier for goods and services to move across borders
-customs union:
Lower/remove trade barriers between members + set of trade barriers against non-member countries.
-common market:
has reduced trade barriers; allow for free mobility of factors of production: land, labor, capital
-economic union (EU):
(Same aspects as common market + Common currency (euro) (e.g. European Union) and Common economic policies)
-common social policy with supranational body (UN) : countries coordinating on social issues+ creation of supranational body (UN)

39
Q

what are the 3 positions on globalization?

A

-pro-globalization: more eco than social
-anti-globalization: not natural but rooted from economic policies + focuses on social rather than eco
-middle ground- alter globalization: open northern markets and protects sourthern assets

40
Q

when was the Old international division of labour (OIDL) created?

A

period between 1800’s- 1970’s

41
Q

the OIDL was created bc of a need for:

A
  • raw materials
  • labor- slave labor
    -new markets for the export of surpluses (selling excess or extra goods or resources, usually beyond what is needed domestically, to other countries)
    -new settlements
42
Q

OIDL was dominated by?

A

European national gov (Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands)

43
Q

in the OIDL, what are the two major groups of countries?

A

-core
-periphery

44
Q

structural adjustment policies (SAPs)

A

new form of colonialism (economic dominance)

45
Q

Neo-colonialism

A

informal political and economic domination of less developed countries by wealthy nations

46
Q

The core regions can use debt to ?

A

Access cheap resources and cheap labour as
part of the NIDL

47
Q

International Divisions of
Labour are guided by free market principles and a reduction in …

A

trade barrier

48
Q

what are the 3 main barriers to trade? (obstacles that slows the flow of goods and services across national borders)

A

-tariffs (taxes or duties imposed on imported or exported goods)
-quotas (limits set on the quantity or value of specific goods that can be imported or exported)
-subsidies (support provided by the government)

49
Q

who are the BRICS?

A

brazil, russia, india, china, south africa

geog (7 decks)

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