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geog > chap 9: geographies of food and agriculture > Flashcards

chap 9: geographies of food and agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

food scarcity

A

severe restricted access to food supplies: quantity of food / quality of food

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2
Q

why does hunger occur?

A

-population growth
-rising incomes
-international agribusiness
-bad farming techniques
- urbanization=

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3
Q

how we eat has implication on what?

A

o Our health
o Our environment
o Population sustainability
o Poverty and worker’s rights
o Energy policy
o Social Policy and Gender Relations

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4
Q

extensification

A

-increase the amount of land under cultivation
-method till 1980’s

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5
Q

intensification

A

-increase the yield of each productive acre cultivated
-method from 1980 an on

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6
Q

green revolution technologies

A
  • synthetic fertilizers
  • irrigation systems
  • pesticides and synthetic chemicals
  • new crop varieties and biotech
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7
Q

farmers have 2 options:

A
  1. match between animal and plant requirements and the phys environment
  2. artificial physical environment
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8
Q

Advances in pesticides and fungicides, fertilizers have
improved ___

A

agricultural productivity

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9
Q

theories for competition for land

A

-location theory: Farmers choose agricultural locations based on competition, considering factors like soil quality and climate, to maximize profitability.
- economic rent: extra income earned from land that goes beyond the basic amount required for production
- rent ceiling: Rent ceiling represents the maximum income a location can generate

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10
Q

VON THUNEN

A

-one city, one central market
-Farmers must sell their produce in this central market
-Farmers are profit maximizers
 Economic operator, or rational economic man
o Agricultural land is of uniform productive capacity
o There is only one mode of transportation

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11
Q

crop theory

A

crop location is affected by perishability and weight as they affect transport cost

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12
Q

intensity theory

A

the intensity of production decreases with
increasing distance from market

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13
Q

domestication

A

process of selectively breeding plants and animals for specific
characteristics

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14
Q

agricultural revolution (1)

A

-The domestication of animals and plants occurred over thousands of years
- connected to many social, cultural, economic, biological changes

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15
Q

agricultural revolution (2)

A

Agrarian revolution:, with increase of industrialization.
-Adoption of new crops
-Improved productivity
-Increased mechanization
-Rising ability to feed a growing population

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16
Q

Nitrogen fertilizers:

A

-Essential for plants
-Crop rotation, or intercropping, with legumes
– Animal manure
– Guano mined industrially, caliche as fossilized source
-Commercial farming now depends on industrial nitrogen

17
Q

environmental problems of nitrogen fertilizers

A
  • soil/ water contamination, soil acidity
  • risk of some cancer
18
Q

green rev

A

High yielding varieties of specific cereals
-Increased crop yield, pesticides resistance
-High dependency on fertilizers, irrigation, pesticides
-successful for a limited range of crops
– Focus on high value/profit crops
* Some farmers are able to produce market surplus
– Raised incomes, improved diets
– Stimulated rural non-farm economy

19
Q

Criticisms of green revolution

A

-Displaced poor, tenant farmers
-Lowered incomes, worsened diets

20
Q

Environmental consequences of green rev

A
  • Fertilizer runoff, insects and wildlife damage/loss
    -Water shortages
    -Health problems
21
Q

biotechnology

A

– Tissue culturing
– DNA sequencing
– Cross-species gene insertion for desired characteristics
* Potential and controversy
– Most focus on pesticide
resistance and patent control
– Concentration of ownership
– Reduces biodiversity
– Selects for resistant weeds,
pests
– Food safety concerns

22
Q

no-till revolution benefits

A

-new technology seeds with less soil disturbance
- less erosion
- conserves water
- improves health of soil
- lower labour and fuel costs
-reduced sediment and fertilizer runoff
-sequesters carbon

23
Q

no till costs

A
  • complex transition
  • costly equipment
  • heavier reliance on herbacides
  • unexpected change in weeds / disease
  • initinally need more nitrogen fertilizer
  • slower germination / reduced yield
24
Q

__% of fruit and vegetable species originally grown in US no longer exist

A

40%

25
Q

Subsistence farming

A

-small scale= made for a families needs
-dependent on specific and local geography
-primary, animate energy
-animate labour
-less energy intensive
 preservation of soil fertility through natural means
 integrated pest management
-use of traditional crops= easy to grow= no biotech
-multi-cropping/polyculture
-local production and consumption

26
Q

Industrial farming

A

-large scale= agribusiness
-few farms, large size
- higher yields per unit of land
- inanimate energy
-mechanization, decreased employment
-more energy per unit at output
-use of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation
-hybrid crops, GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)
-mono- cropping (one big crop)
-export production

27
Q

subsistence forms of agriculture

A

-Shifting agriculture=moves from place to place
-Wet rice farming= in dense population , requires alot of human Labour
-Pastoral nomadism= no meat , so milk, fiber
-Mediterranean agriculture= uses a lot at land (wheat, barley, vines, trees Livestock , animals)

28
Q

Commercial Forms of Agriculture

A

-Mixed farming= varying plantation
-Dairying
-Planation agriculture=large-scale farming of a single crop
-Ranching= troupeau
-Large-scale grain production

29
Q

non- industrial economies, in the developing world

A

30% of GDP is from agriculture

68% population engaged in agriculture

30
Q

Industrial economies, in the developed world

A

1.4% of GDP derived from agriculture
3.2% of population engaged in agriculture

31
Q

horizontal integration

A

merging with companies that operate at the same stage of the production or distribution process.

32
Q

vertical integral

A

company expands its business by owning or controlling different stages of the production and distribution process for its products.

33
Q

changes related to globalization

A
  • global spread of standarized food items
  • ## non- farm sector of the food system increasing
34
Q

4 stages of industrializing agriculture

A

mechanization
chemical farming
food manufacturing
rise of biotech

35
Q

Agribusiness

A

-Vertically integrated agricultural activity:
-Large, transnational corporations control much
production and distribution

36
Q

global trade in food

A

Wheat, rice, maize
Coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar

37
Q

__ of the total produced, goes to waste and is not eaten or consumed.

A

1/3

geog (7 decks)

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