chap 14-16 Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
NAME?
A
To separate: hematocrit- percentage by volume of red blood cells in a blood sample, determined by separating the red blood cells from the plasma
2
Q
NAME?
A
Abnormal condition: leukocytosis- condition in which white blood cells are overproduced
3
Q
Aneurysm
A
Abnormal expansion of a blood vessel wall
4
Q
Angio-
A
Vessel: angiotensin- substance that constricts blood vessels
4
Q
Angina
A
A condition, such as a severe sore throat, in which spasmodic attacks of suffocating pain occur
5
Q
Ather-
A
Porridge: athersclerosis- deposits of plaque in arteries
5
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
Accumulation of fatty substances on the inner linings of arteries
6
Q
Brady-
A
Slow: bradycardia- abnormally slow heartbeat
7
Q
Coronary blood vessels are supplied from what vessel?
A
Aorta
8
Q
Diapedesis
A
Squeezing movement of leukocytes between the cells of blood vessel walls
9
Q
Diastol-
A
Dilation: diastolic pressure- blood pressure when the ventricle of the heart is relaxed
11
Q
Embol-
A
Stopper: embolism- a mass lodging in and obstructing a blood vessel
12
Q
Erythr-
A
Red: erythrocyte- red blood cell
13
Q
Hemo-
A
Blood: hemoglobin- red pigment responsible for the color of blood
14
Q
How do you compute cardiac output?
A
The total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute, or simply the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV).
14
Q
How do you compute heart rate?
A
Total bpm - your age
15
Q
How do you diagnose the types of abnormal ECGs we discussed?
A
it will look abnormal
15
Q
How do you compute stroke volume?
A
SV (stroke volume ) x BPM = CO (Cardiac Output)
16
Q
Infarction
A
When a localized area of muscular tissue is dying or dead due to insufficient supply of blood (as occurs in a heart attack)
16
Q
How is blood pressure regulated?
A
Monitored by Baroreceptors, Modified by Heart action, smooth muscle constriction, hormone action
17
Q
Ischemia
A
A decrease in blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels
19
Q
Leukocytosis
A
Too many white blood cells in the blood
21
Q
Leukopenia
A
Too few white blood cells in the blood
22
Q
Pancytopenia
A
Too few red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets usually associated with a bone marrow tumor or aplastic anemia
23
Papill-
Nipple: papillary muscle- small mound of muscle projecting into a ventricle of the heart
24
Phleb-
Vein: phlebitis- inflammation of a vein
25
Plasmin
Protein-splitting enzyme that can digest fibrin in a blood clot
27
Prolapse
The falling down or slipping out of place of an organ or part
28
Septicemia
A systemic disease caused by pathogenic organisms or their toxins in the blood stream (blood poisoning)
29
Syn-
Together: syncytium- mass of merging cells that act together
29
Systol-
Contraction: systolic pressure- blood pressure resulting from a single ventricular contraction
30
Tachy-
Rapid: tachycardia- abnormally fast heartbeat
31
Thromb-
Clot: thrombocyte- blood platelet involved in the formation of a blood clot
31
Thrombin
Blood-clotting enzyme that catalyzes formation of fibrin from fibrinogen
32
What are all the parts of the heart we discussed?
Chambers, valves, major blood vessels, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, skeleton, conduction system, etc.
32
Two ways Compliment works
Opsination, Membrane Attack Complex
33
What are examples of non-protein nitrogenous substances?
Urea, uric acid, creatine
33
What are Starling's forces?
Inword: Tissue Osmotic, Tissue Hydrostatic
34
What are the "resistance" vessels?
arterioles
35
What are the blood cell lineages? (mainly the top and bottom of the tree)
Erythroid, lymphocytes, and myelocytes
35
What are the different types of anemia?
Aplastic and hemolytic anemia, sickle cell and thalassemia anemia, and iron deficiency and pernicious anemia.
35
What are the 3 major intake vessels for the right atrium?
...
36
What are the distal steps of the extrinsic clotting pathways that we discussed?
...
37
What are the distal steps of the intrinsic clotting pathways that we discussed?
...
38
What are the key facts about basophils?
\<1%, release Histamine (vasodilator) and Heparin (anticoagulant)
40
What are the key facts about eosinophils?
1-3%, Parasite defense
40
What are the key facts about lymphocytes?
25-33%, B,T, and NK cells, Specific immune response.
42
What are the key facts about monocytes?
3-9%, largest blood cells, leaves blood to become Macrophage, phagocytic
44
What are the key facts about neutrophils?
most abundant, very phagocytic, first to arrive at infection
44
What are the layers of the heart wall?
Myocardium, Endocardium
45
What are the major layers of a blood vessel wall?
Tunica interna, Media and Externa
46
What are the major plasma proteins?
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrogens
48
What are the parts of whole blood when spun down?
Plasma, buffy coat, red cells
48
What are the pericardial layers of the heart?
Fibrous, Visceral, Parietal pericardium
49
What are the S1 and S2 heart sounds caused by?
S1: AV Valves closing
50
What are the various types of WBCs?
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes)
51
What causes aplastic and hemolytic anemia?
Radiation and toxic chemicals
52
What causes iron deficiency and pernicious anemia?
Lack of iron and inability to absorb B12
54
What chamber of heart responsible for pulmonary systolic pressure?
...
55
What chamber of heart responsible for systemic systolic pressure?
...
57
What do monocytes differentiate into?
macrophage
58
What do the chambers of the heart do?
Atriums: prime ventricles
59
What do the chordae tendineae of the heart do?
hold valves to they don't prolapse
60
What do the major blood vessels of the heart do?
left and right coronary arteries originate near aortic valve, drain to coronary sinus in right atrium.
61
What do the papillary muscles of the heart do?
articulate heart valves
62
What do the valves of the heart do?
The Peanuts Might Attack! (Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral, Aortic)
63
What do the waves in a normal ECG mean?
P Wave: Atrial Depolarization
64
What does the body make in low oxygen environments (e.g. high altitude)? Why?
RBCs
65
What does the conduction system of the heart do?
provides pathway for cardiac stimulation
67
What does the plasma protein Albumin do?
Most Common, Liver, Retains water
68
What does the plasma protein Fibrinogen do?
Liver, blood clotting
69
What causes sickle cell and thalassemia anemia?
Defective genes
70
What does the plasma protein Globulins do?
alpha and beta: liver, transports lipids and vitamins. Gamma: Lymphatic tissue, antibodies
71
What does the skeleton of the heart do?
provides rigid structure and electrical insulation to valves
73
What does the spleen do?
filter dead blood cells
74
What exactly causes blood to flow from one heart chamber to another?
Contraction of atrium and opening of AV Valve
75
What happens in capillaries?
substances are exchanged
76
What happens to the globin part of hemoglobin when broken down?
broken down into amino acids
77
What ion is critical for blood clotting?
Ca2+
77
What is a murmur?
Abnormal heart sound
78
What is blood typing and what are the major antigens and antibodies involved?
Determining the presence of surface antigens on the cell membranes of RBCs. Blood has antibodies against the opposite antigens (blood types)
79
What is filtration?
substances moving through capillary wall
81
What is the ECG?
Electrocardiogram
83
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Contains large amounts of RBCs, transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and then transport CO2 back from the tissues to the lungs.
84
What is the major parasympathetic nerve to the heart?
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)
85
What is the primary insoluble protein in a clot?
Fibrin created from fibrinogen
86
What is the sequence of blood flow through the heart?
Right Atrium, Tricuspid V, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary V, pulmonary Arteries, Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Mitral V, Left Ventricle, Aortic V
87
What is the sequence of conduction system cocomponent firing in the heart?
Single Apaches Just Attack Books! (SA Node, Atrial Syncytium, Junctional Fibers, AV Node, AV Bundel, Bundle Branches)
88
What is the universal donor?
O- because it has no antigens for A, B, or rh
89
What is the universal recipient?
AB+ because it has antigens for both A, B and rh
90
What layers of blood contain what parts?
Plasma: Water, electrolytes, proteins, wastes, nutrients, gasses
91
What nutrient is required to prevent pernicious anemia?
Vitamin B12
93
What specific part of the heart produces the pumping action?
Myocardium (cardiac muscle)
94
What, in general, is going on in figure 15.22 on page 572?
95
Where is the cardiac center and the vasomotor center located?
The medulla oblongata
96
Why does the body make certain substances in low oxygen environments (e.g. high altitude)?
to move more O2
97
plasma
liquid portion of blood
98
formed elements
cells/cell fragments suspended in plasma
99
base
Blood is a(n) \_\_\_\_. (7.35-7.45 pH)
100
7.35-7.45
pH level of blood.
101
acidosis
blood pH level of less than 7.35
102
cell saver
blood from your body lost in surgery is put back in you afterwards
103
antigen
substances that stimulate the creation of antibodies
104
antibody
substance formed when an antigen stimulates it to be formed
105
agglutination
when an antigen and antibody react together and clump
106
B
Type A blood will have anti- __ antibodies.
107
A or O
Type A blood will not have anti- __ antibodies.
108
A
Type B blood will have anti- __ antigens.
109
B or O
Type B blood will not have anti- __ antigens.
110
A and B
Type O blood will have anti- __ antigens.
111
O
Type O blood will not have anti- __ antigens.
112
O
Type __ blood is the universal donor.
113
AB
Type __ blood is the universal recipient.
114
positive
Rh factor present
115
negative
Rh factor not present
116
erythroblastosis fetalis
Mother is Rh neg., Father is Rh pos. Mother may reject baby in the womb.
117
RhoGam
shot given to mother who is Rh negative when the father is Rh positive
118
prothrombin
What are the examples of plasma proteins?
119
albumin
helps thicken blood, give it viscosity
120
globulin
carry antibodies to fight infection
121
fibrinogen and prothrombin
plasma proteins that help blood clot
122
blood serum
plasma minus the clotting factors
123
Platelets
3 types of formed elements:
124
erythrocyte
name for red blood cells
125
leukocyte
name for white blood cells
126
thrombocyte
name for platelets
127
granular leukocytes
WBCs with granules in their cytoplasm
128
agranular leukocytes
WBCs with no granules in their cytoplasm
129
eosinophils
types of granular leukocytes
130
monocytes
types of agranular leukocytes
131
neutrophil
granular leukocyte that carries out phagocytosis
132
eosinophil
granular leukocyte that defends against parasites
133
basophil
granular leukocyte that secretes heparin and function as a part of the inflammatory response
134
heparin
prevents blood from clotting
135
lymphocyte
agranular leukocyte that has B-lymphs or T-lymphs
136
B-lymphocyte
lymphocyte that produces antibodies
137
T-lymphocyte
lymphocyte that helps with immune response
138
monocyte
agranular lymphocyte that performs phagocytosis and is an important part of the immune response
139
platelet
formed element necessary for clotting
140
120 days
lifespan of a red blood cell
141
lymphatic tissue
tissues that go thru hematopoeisis
142
liver
organs that dispose of broken cells
143
aspiration biopsy cytology
diagnosis technique where myloid tissue is drawn out and examined
144
stem cells
unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop sometimes taken from the umbilical cord
145
biconcave
RBC' s are what shape?
146
more surface area and more flexibility
Why are RBCs biconcave?
147
no nucleus or cytoplasm
Why can't RBCs reproduce themselves?
148
hemoglobin
red oxygen-carrying pigment in erythrocytes
149
normacytic
state of normal-sized cells
150
microcytic
state of smaller-sized cells
151
macrocytic
state of larger-sized cells
152
normachromic
state of normal-colored cells
153
hypochromic
state of paler-colored cells; deficient of hemoglobin
154
hyperchromic
state of darker-colored cells; too much hemoglobin
155
oxyhemoglobin
formed when hemoglobin binds with oxygen
156
carbominohemoglobin
formed when oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen and binds with the waste carbon dioxide
157
hematocrit level
tells you the volume of RBCs
158
buffy coat
White cells and platelets settled between formed cells and plasma
159
polycythemia
overproduction of RBCs
160
anemia
underproduction of RBCs or hemoglobin
161
polycythemia
causes hemorrhages, hypertension, coagulation problems, clot formation, and overdistension of vessels
162
polycythemia
treated by bleeding patient ever so often, removing bone marrow, or radiation treatment
163
anemia
causes fatigue, weakness, sickness, paleness
164
hemorrhagic anemia
decrease in RBCs b/c of major blood loss
165
acute
\_\_\_ hemorrhagic anemia usually cmes from trauma or surgery and can be easily resolved.
166
chronic
\_\_\_ hemorrhagic anemia usually comes from cancer or an ulcer and can only be resolved if the underlying cause is found and eliminated
167
aplastic anemia
low RBC count and destruction of bone marrow after exposure to dangerous chemicals such as mercury or benzyne
168
deficiency anemia
caused by inadequate supply of a substance that helps create RBCs or hemoglobin
169
pernicious anemia
deficiency anemia caused by malfunction of stomach lining, autoimmunity, or genetics; not enough B12 Vitamin
170
iron deficiency anemia
body does not get enough iron, which is vital to the creation of hemoglobin
171
microcytic
When a body has an iron deficiency, its RBCs will be ____ and \_\_\_\_.
172
hemolytic anemia
decrease in RBC lifespan that causes broken RBC pieces to build up; spleen will swell, liver impairment, gall stones
173
jaundice
a type of hemolytic anemia in babies that causes their skin to turn orangish from the build up of pigment
174
sickle cell anemia
abnormal hemoglobin causes premature destruction of RBCs
175
thalassemia
abnormal hemoglobin produces abnormal numbers of strange-shaped RBCs
176
thalassemia minor
carries the trait for thalassemia; will have chronic anemia
177
thalassemia major
has thalassemia disease; RBCs quickly destroyed, body is deprived of oxygen, bone marrow swells and can cripple
178
erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic anemia in babies
179
leukocytosis
abnormally high WBC count; over 10 thousand WBCs per cubic mm; occurs b/c of bacterial infection or blood cancers
180
leukopenia
abnormally low WBC count; under 5 thousand WBCs per cubic mm; occurs b/c of immune disorder like AIDS
181
lymphoid neoplasm
cancer of blood arising from lymphocytes
182
myeloid neoplasm
cancer of blood arising from monocytes, platelets, and RBCs
183
multiple myeloma
cancer of B-lymphocytes known as plasma cells; constantly fighting infection; defective antibodies; frail bones; no treatment
184
leukemia
characterized by leukocytosis of over 100,000 WBCs per cubic mm
185
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
most common btwn. 62-65 yrs of age; mild symptoms if any; severe cases treated with chemo
186
acute lymphocytic leukemia
disease in children 5-7; highly curable; fever, infection, bone pain, swollen lymphnodes and spleen; treated with chemo(85-100% survival rate)
187
chronic myeloid leukemia
25-60 yrs old; fatigue, weight loss; abnormally high level of granulocytic WBCs and enlarged spleen
188
Gleevec
treatment for seeking out abnormal myloid tissue and blocking it
189
acute myeloid leukemia
quick symptoms: spongy bleeding gums, bone and joint pain; poor prognosis
190
mononucleosis
virus found in saliva of infected person; leukocytosis of 12-18 thousand; large atypical lymphocytes; fever, enlarged lymphnodes/spleen; sore throat; resolved in 4-6 weeks
191
prothrombin activator
formed when clotting factor from damaged tissue and clotting factors from plasma react together
192
thrombin
formed from prothrombin when prothrombin activator reacts with clotting factors from the platelet plug
193
fibrin
formed when thrombin reacts with fibrinogen
194
Vitamin K
What vitamin stimulates the liver to produce thrombin?
195
anti-coagulant
blood thinner, given after clot is formed
196
heparin
shot form of anti-coagulant
197
coumadin (warfarin)
pill form of anti-coagulant
198
tissue plasminogen activators
dissolve clot; given during a heart attack
199
thrombus
clot that stays where it was formed
200
embolus
clot that breaks away from area it was formed and travels thru the circ. system
201
hemophilia
disorder resulting from not producing one or more of the clotting factors
202
hemophilia A
royal disease; lacks factor VIII; bleeding joints; can cripple
203
Thrombocytopenia
around 15,000 platelet count (normal: 150,000) complete body bleeding; caused by mechanical destruction of platelets by way of heart valves or chemicals
