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A&P II > respitatory > Flashcards

respitatory Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

NAME?

A

To separate: hematocrit- percentage by volume of red blood cells in a blood sample, determined by separating the red blood cells from the plasma

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2
Q

Erythr-

A

Red: erythrocyte- red blood cell

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3
Q

Hemo-

A

Blood: hemoglobin- red pigment responsible for the color of blood

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4
Q

Thromb-

A

Clot: thrombocyte- blood platelet involved in the formation of a blood clot

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5
Q

NAME?

A

Abnormal condition: leukocytosis- condition in which white blood cells are overproduced

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6
Q

Embol-

A

Stopper: embolism- a mass lodging in and obstructing a blood vessel

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7
Q

Angio-

A

Vessel: angiotensin- substance that constricts blood vessels

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8
Q

Ather-

A

Porridge: athersclerosis- deposits of plaque in arteries

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9
Q

Brady-

A

Slow: bradycardia- abnormally slow heartbeat

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10
Q

Tachy-

A

Rapid: tachycardia- abnormally fast heartbeat

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11
Q

Syn-

A

Together: syncytium- mass of merging cells that act together

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12
Q

Papill-

A

Nipple: papillary muscle- small mound of muscle projecting into a ventricle of the heart

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13
Q

Systol-

A

Contraction: systolic pressure- blood pressure resulting from a single ventricular contraction

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14
Q

Diastol-

A

Dilation: diastolic pressure- blood pressure when the ventricle of the heart is relaxed

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15
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Too many white blood cells in the blood

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16
Q

Leukopenia

A

Too few white blood cells in the blood

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17
Q

Pancytopenia

A

Too few red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets usually associated with a bone marrow tumor or aplastic anemia

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18
Q

Septicemia

A

A systemic disease caused by pathogenic organisms or their toxins in the blood stream (blood poisoning)

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19
Q

Diapedesis

A

Squeezing movement of leukocytes between the cells of blood vessel walls

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20
Q

Phleb-

A

Vein: phlebitis- inflammation of a vein

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21
Q

Aneurysm

A

Abnormal expansion of a blood vessel wall

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22
Q

Infarction

A

When a localized area of muscular tissue is dying or dead due to insufficient supply of blood (as occurs in a heart attack)

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23
Q

Prolapse

A

The falling down or slipping out of place of an organ or part

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24
Q

Ischemia

A

A decrease in blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels

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25
Atherosclerosis
Accumulation of fatty substances on the inner linings of arteries
26
Angina
A condition, such as a severe sore throat, in which spasmodic attacks of suffocating pain occur
27
Thrombin
Blood-clotting enzyme that catalyzes formation of fibrin from fibrinogen
28
Plasmin
Protein-splitting enzyme that can digest fibrin in a blood clot
29
What are the parts of whole blood when spun down?
Plasma, buffy coat, red cells
30
What layers of blood contain what parts?
Plasma: Water, electrolytes, proteins, wastes, nutrients, gasses
31
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Contains large amounts of RBCs, transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and then transport CO2 back from the tissues to the lungs.
32
What are the blood cell lineages? (mainly the top and bottom of the tree)
Erythroid, lymphocytes, and myelocytes
33
What do monocytes differentiate into?
macrophage
34
What does the body make in low oxygen environments (e.g. high altitude)? Why?
RBCs
35
Why does the body make certain substances in low oxygen environments (e.g. high altitude)?
to move more O2
36
What nutrient is required to prevent pernicious anemia?
Vitamin B12
37
What happens to the globin part of hemoglobin when broken down?
broken down into amino acids
38
What are the various types of WBCs?
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes)
39
What are the key facts about neutrophils?
most abundant, very phagocytic, first to arrive at infection
40
What are the key facts about eosinophils?
1-3%, Parasite defense
41
What are the key facts about basophils?
\<1%, release Histamine (vasodilator) and Heparin (anticoagulant)
42
What are the key facts about monocytes?
3-9%, largest blood cells, leaves blood to become Macrophage, phagocytic
43
What are the key facts about lymphocytes?
25-33%, B,T, and NK cells, Specific immune response.
44
What are the major plasma proteins?
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrogens
45
What does the plasma protein Albumin do?
Most Common, Liver, Retains water
46
What does the plasma protein Fibrinogen do?
Liver, blood clotting
47
What does the plasma protein Globulins do?
alpha and beta: liver, transports lipids and vitamins. Gamma: Lymphatic tissue, antibodies
48
What are examples of non-protein nitrogenous substances?
Urea, uric acid, creatine
49
What does the spleen do?
filter dead blood cells
50
What are the distal steps of the extrinsic clotting pathways that we discussed?
...
51
What are the distal steps of the intrinsic clotting pathways that we discussed?
...
52
What ion is critical for blood clotting?
Ca2+
53
What is the primary insoluble protein in a clot?
Fibrin created from fibrinogen
54
What is blood typing and what are the major antigens and antibodies involved?
Determining the presence of surface antigens on the cell membranes of RBCs. Blood has antibodies against the opposite antigens (blood types)
55
What is the universal donor?
O- because it has no antigens for A, B, or rh
56
What is the universal recipient?
AB+ because it has antigens for both A, B and rh
57
What are the different types of anemia?
Aplastic and hemolytic anemia, sickle cell and thalassemia anemia, and iron deficiency and pernicious anemia.
58
What causes aplastic and hemolytic anemia?
Radiation and toxic chemicals
59
What causes sickle cell and thalassemia anemia?
Defective genes
60
What causes iron deficiency and pernicious anemia?
Lack of iron and inability to absorb B12
61
What are the pericardial layers of the heart?
Fibrous, Visceral, Parietal pericardium
62
What are the layers of the heart wall?
Myocardium, Endocardium
63
What specific part of the heart produces the pumping action?
Myocardium (cardiac muscle)
64
What are all the parts of the heart we discussed?
Chambers, valves, major blood vessels, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, skeleton, conduction system, etc.
65
What do the chambers of the heart do?
Atriums: prime ventricles
66
What do the valves of the heart do?
The Peanuts Might Attack! (Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral, Aortic)
67
What do the major blood vessels of the heart do?
left and right coronary arteries originate near aortic valve, drain to coronary sinus in right atrium.
68
What do the papillary muscles of the heart do?
articulate heart valves
69
What do the chordae tendineae of the heart do?
hold valves to they don't prolapse
70
What does the skeleton of the heart do?
provides rigid structure and electrical insulation to valves
71
What does the conduction system of the heart do?
provides pathway for cardiac stimulation
72
Coronary blood vessels are supplied from what vessel?
Aorta
73
What chamber of heart responsible for systemic systolic pressure?
...
74
What chamber of heart responsible for pulmonary systolic pressure?
...
75
What is the sequence of blood flow through the heart?
Right Atrium, Tricuspid V, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary V, pulmonary Arteries, Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Mitral V, Left Ventricle, Aortic V
76
What is the sequence of conduction system cocomponent firing in the heart?
Single Apaches Just Attack Books! (SA Node, Atrial Syncytium, Junctional Fibers, AV Node, AV Bundel, Bundle Branches)
77
What are the S1 and S2 heart sounds caused by?
S1: AV Valves closing
78
What is a murmur?
Abnormal heart sound
79
What is the ECG?
Electrocardiogram
80
What do the waves in a normal ECG mean?
P Wave: Atrial Depolarization
81
How do you diagnose the types of abnormal ECGs we discussed?
it will look abnormal
82
What are the 3 major intake vessels for the right atrium?
...
83
What are the major layers of a blood vessel wall?
Tunica interna, Media and Externa
84
What happens in capillaries?
substances are exchanged
85
What is filtration?
substances moving through capillary wall
86
What are Starling's forces?
Inword: Tissue Osmotic, Tissue Hydrostatic
87
What are the "resistance" vessels?
arterioles
88
How is blood pressure regulated?
Monitored by Baroreceptors, Modified by Heart action, smooth muscle constriction, hormone action
89
How do you compute cardiac output?
The total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute, or simply the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV).
90
How do you compute heart rate?
Total bpm - your age
91
How do you compute stroke volume?
SV (stroke volume ) x BPM = CO (Cardiac Output)
92
Where is the cardiac center and the vasomotor center located?
The medulla oblongata
93
What exactly causes blood to flow from one heart chamber to another?
Contraction of atrium and opening of AV Valve
94
What is the major parasympathetic nerve to the heart?
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)
95
What, in general, is going on in figure 15.22 on page 572?
...
96
Two ways Compliment works
Opsination, Membrane Attack Complex

A&P II (8 decks)

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