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Psych 453 > Chap 17: Sexual Disorders & Sex Therapy > Flashcards

Chap 17: Sexual Disorders & Sex Therapy Flashcards

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1
Q

cultivation theory

A

exposure to mass media makes people think that what they see there represents the mainstream of what real people are doing

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2
Q

framing theory

A

media defines what is “important” or not by what they cover

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3
Q

social cognitive theory

A

the media provides role models whom we imitate

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4
Q

selectivity

A

people select and pay attention only to certain media and messages

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5
Q

reinforcing spiral theory

A

social identities and ideologies predict media use AND media use affects our identity and beliefs

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6
Q

individualistic cultures

A

independence, autonomy, individual rights (US, Canada)

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7
Q

collectivistic cultures

A

interdependence, connections (Japan)

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8
Q

honor cultures

A

reputation, respect toward others (Middle East, Southern US)

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9
Q

How many cultures don’t kiss romantically or sexually?

A

54%

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10
Q

Inis Beag

A

Small island off coast of Ireland, no sexual knowledge

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11
Q

Mangaia

A

island in south pacific, sex encouraged

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12
Q

what are positive and negative sexual rights?

A

positive: freedome to pleasure
negative: freedom from violence

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13
Q

what is the sociobiology theory?

A

E.O Wilson
the application of evolutionary biology to understanding the social behaviors of animals, implies that sexual behaviors are under biological control

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14
Q

evolution theory?

A

producing lots of healthy, viable offspring to carry on one’s genes is important

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15
Q

sexual selection

A

Who will I make the best offspring with? competition, preferential choice, “attractive traits”

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16
Q

what are the 2 obstacles to reproductive success after male and female mate?

A

1) infant vulnerability
2) maternal death

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17
Q

what is the sexual strategies theory (evolutionary psychology, Buss)

A

we face different adaptive problems in short-term (casual, immediate resources) vs long-term mating and reproduction (resources for indefinite future)

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18
Q

gender-neutral evolutionary theory (gowaty)

A

our environments vary enormously from other humans and species across geographical spaces and humans’ lifetimes, individuals are flexible in their behaviors

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19
Q

psychoanalytic theory (freud)

A
  • 2 major forces driving human behavior: libido (sex drive) + thanatos (death instinct)
  • 3 parts of human personality: id (pleasure principle) + ego (reality principle) + superego (inhibits impulse and reminds ego of morals)
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20
Q

stages of sexual development

A
  1. oral stage (0-1) mouth
  2. anal stage (1-3) anus (poop)
  3. phallic stage (3-6) genitals; oedipus complex (boy want mom); electra complex (penis envy, girl want dad)
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21
Q

learning theory

A

classical conditioning (pavlov)
- US elicits UR. CS -> CR. (fetishes)

operant conditioning (skinner)
- behavior = the operant, followed by reward or punishment (pos or neg reinforcement)

behavior modification: based on classical or operant to modify problematic sexual behaviors

social learning (bandura): imitation of others and observational learning; success with an activity over time creates sense of competence (self-efficacy)

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22
Q

social exchange theory

A

Analysis of costs and rewards, relationships are exchanges of goods

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23
Q

cognitive theories

A

gender schema theory (bem): gender schema guide how we interpret, process, and remember gender-relevant info (can filter out stereotype-inconsistent info)

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24
Q

feminist theory

A
  • gender as status and inequality
  • sexuality repression for women
  • strict gender roles
  • intersectionality
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25
queer theory
- challenges binaries, heteronormativity - sexual identity is fluid
26
critical race theory
- originated in legal scholarships (1990) - examins how race and racism impact social structures/institutions - Race is a social construct
27
symbolic interaction theory
human behavior and social order are products of communication among people - your behavior is constructed through your interactions with others - role taking (imagining how you look from others' perspective)
28
social institutions
3 sociologist approaches to study of sexuality 1. every society regulates sexuality 2. appropriate or inappropriateness depends on institutional context 3. basic institutions of society affect rules governing sexuality in that society
29
what do ovaries produce?
eggs, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
30
typrs of female genital cutting FGC
type 1. clitoridectomy (clit) type 2. excisions (clit and inner lips) type 3. infibulation (clit and inner and outer lips)
31
what is made in testis
testosterone (interstitial cells) and sperm (seminiferous tubules)
32
where is sperm stored
epididymis
33
what produces pre-cum
Cowper's gland
34
how many layers in vagina
3
35
where are sex hormones manufactures
endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenals, pituitary)
36
what regulates what for hormonmes
hypothalamus regulates pituitary (anterior lobes interact w gonads), which regulates testes and ovaries
37
what does pituitary produce for men
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone; controls sperm production) LH (luteinizing hormone; controls testosterone production) The hypothalamus, pituitary, and testes operate in the negative feedback loop (HPG axis). T low -> hypo makes more GnRH -> pituitary makes more LH -> testes make more T
38
inhibin
hormone from testes, regulates FSH levels
39
what do FSH and LH do in women
regulate estrogen and progesterone estrogen brings puberty changes, is repsonisble for maintaining mucous membrane of vag pituitary produces prolactin (milk) and oxytocin
40
testosterone and the steroid-peptide(S-P) theory of social bonds
social behaviors affect t - high t = less social bonding - high oxytocin = more social bonding
41
homologous organs
glans penis = glans clitoris scrotum = outer lips testes = ovaries
42
Klinefelters syndrome
male XXY
43
blastocyst
fertilized egg after 5-6 days
44
embryo
blastocyst implanted into uterine lining and amniotic sac formed (10-12 days)
45
7th week?
Mullerian and Wolffian ducts form, embryo has set of gonads, rudimentary external genitals gonads -.> testes or ovaries
46
SRY gene
on y chromosome if present, gonads = testes bc it causes TDF (testosterone-determining factor)
47
mullerian ducts
in females, M -> fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vag
48
wolffian ducts
In males, W -> internal male reproductive
49
cryptorchidism
one or both testes fail to descend
50
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
XX female developes ovaries but external male genitals (often assigned male @ birth but identify as woman)
51
androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
XY male born w external appearance of female
52
optimal sex policy (john money)
intersex infants should get surgery as either boys or girls in first 18 months
53
5-alpha reductase deficiency syndrome
vag pouch and clit sized penis
54
menstrual cycle
follicular -> ovulation -> luteal -> menstruation (day 1)
55
menstruation
- shedding of endometrium -> thru cervix -> thru vagina - estrogen and progesterone low - FSH rising
56
follicular
- pituitary secretes incr level of FSH, stimulates follicles in ovaries, follicle brings egg and secretes estrogen - high estrogen stimulates endometrium to grow and thiken
57
ovulation
- estrogen risen, limits FSH production (FSH low) - high levels of estrogen -> stimulate GnRH -> pituitary produces LH -> trigger release of egg
58
luteal phase
- follicle turns into mass of cells called corpus luteum -> produces progesterone -> inhibit LH, corpus degenerates, decline in estrogen and progesterone -> stimular FSH
59
dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation caused by prostaglandins
60
amenorrhea
no menstruation
61
endometriosis
The uterine lining grows outside the uterus
62
when is ovulation
day 14
63
what happens during ovulation
egg released from ovary into body cavity -> picked up by fimbriae and enters fallopian tube -> fertilization happens in fallopian tube -> travels down fallopian tube and reaches uterus after 5 days
64
how much semen in ejaculatory fluid
60%, secretions from the prostate make them mobile
65
hyaluronidase
sperm releases after surrounding the egg, dissolves the outer layer of the egg, and permits one sperm to enter
66
how long can sperm live in body
up to 5 days egg capable of being fertilized 12-24 hrs after ovulation
67
how long is pregnancy
40 weeks (3 trimesters over 9 months)
68
placenta
mass of tissues surrounding the embryo early in development. and nurturing its growth, a site for exchange ofeen the pregnant person's blood and fetus's blood
69
how does embryo develop
placenta releases human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (detected in urine for pregnancy tests)
70
teratogens for fathers
drugs taken by father before pregnancy may damage sperm and DNA father's smoking during pregnacy incr risk of childhood cancer father's chronic alchol consumption affects DNA methylation
71
due date
first day of last menstrual cycle + 280 days - baby loses lanugo covering - eye color blue or black - baby drops down in abdomen (lightening) and head becomes engaged, pressing firmly against cervix
72
parturition
process of childbirth 1. signal from pituitary gland (oxytocin in bloodstream - pitocin and syntocinon are synthetic to induce labor) 3 stage 1. labor 2. birth of baby 3. birth of placenta
73
signals that labor has begun
1. contractions begin (4-18hr) 2. mucous plug is dispelled (bloody show) 3. amniotic sac breaks
74
effacement
prior to labor, cartilage walls of cervix thin out and lengthen. must be fully effaced to fully dilate - dilation: 10cm/4in
75
episiotomy
incision through skin and muscles in perineum during delivery (2/3 of births) not medically necessary tho, could be more harmful for healing
76
when c section?
- fetus misaligned, multiple fetuses, exhaustion, transferable genital condition, or infection
77
what else does oxytocin do
- nurturant behaviors - stimulates muscles of cervix, vagina, and uterus to contract - works w prolactin
78
preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine, while eclampsia is a severe complication of preeclampsia where seizures occur
79
GIFT
an assisted reproductive technology (ART) where eggs and sperm are placed directly into a woman's fallopian tube to allow natural fertilization to occur

Psych 453 (3 decks)

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