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Psych 453 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

hormonal bc

A

combination pill, mini-pill, patch, ring, emergency contraception

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2
Q

combination pill

A
  • estrogen + progestin
  • higher doses of estrogen and progesterone than natural for 21 days, 7 days placebo
  • inhibits ovulation
  • thickens cervical mucus
  • body thinks already ovulated
  • seasonal: 84 days on, 7 off; loestrin 24 (24 on, 4 off, shorter period)
  • could protect from endometral and ovarian cancer
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3
Q

health risks of combination pill

A
  • thromboembolic disorders (blood clots)
  • STIs incr
  • incr or decr desire
  • Reduce flow and cramps, covered by insurance under the ACA
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4
Q

failure rate of combination pill

A

typical: 7% (forgetting 2+ days)
perfect: .3%

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5
Q

mini-pill

A
  • progestin only
  • avoid estrogen-related side effects like blood clots
  • can be used duing breastfeeding unlike combo pills
  • start during the period and take every day
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6
Q

the patch

A

1 patch/wk x 3 weeks, 1 wk no patch
less effective if > 200lbs

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7
Q

the ring

A

ring w hormones
3 weeks in, remove for 1 week, new ring

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8
Q

emergency contraception

A

high dose of progestin
within 24 hr, must be within 120
prevents ovulation and fertilization
62-85% effective, 0.5-2% pregnancy rates

  • Ella is similar but prescription only, anti-progestin
  • insertion of IUD within 5 days (<1% failure rate)
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9
Q

LARCs

A

injection, implants, IUDs

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10
Q

injection

A
  • progestin
  • every 3 months, 4% failure rate
  • minimal side effects
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11
Q

implants

A
  • progestin
  • thin rod or tubes in arm
  • 3yr
  • typical use: .05% fail more effective than pill
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12
Q

Copper IUD (paraguard)

A
  • no hormones, changes enzymes
  • .8% failure rate, goes dwn after 1 yr
  • 12 yr
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13
Q

hormonal IUD

A
  • progestin
  • disrupts ovulation
  • 3-6yr
  • -.8% typical fail
    About 20% stop menstruating
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14
Q

barrier methods

A

condoms, diaphragm, femcap, sponge, dental dam, spermicide

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15
Q

condom failure rate

A

perfect: 2% typical: 13%
female condoms 5% and 21%

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16
Q

diaphragm

A

6 hr before and 6hr after sex, typical use 17%

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17
Q

femcap

A

use w spermicide, similar to diaphragm, silicone, 3 sizes

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18
Q

sponge

A

polyurethane + spermicide

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19
Q

spermicides

A

foam cream jelly
21% fail

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20
Q

rhythm methods

A
  • fertility awareness (abstain from sex during ovulation)
  • calendar method (abstain 3 days before and 2 days after ovulation, assume ovulation on 13-15 of 28 day cycle)
  • standard days method (26-32 day cycle, abstain days 8-19)
  • basal body temperature (BBT)
  • cervical mucus method (changes in discharge)
  • sympto-thermal method: cervical mucus and basal body temp
    typical users: 15%
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21
Q

sterilization

A
  • vasectomy: vas clamped, segment removed, ends tied, scrotume elevated
  • laparotomy: fallopian tubes tied off and cut apart
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22
Q

how many teen pregancies/yr

A

450,000 in US
29% -> abortion
57% -> live births
14% -> miscarriages

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23
Q

pill based abortion

A

42% in the first 8 weeks

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24
Q

surgical abortion

A

49% in first trimester, vacuum aspiration (13 wk)

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25
turnaway study
women denied abortion -> mental health problems, poorer physical health
26
human sexual response cycle (masters & Johnson)
1. excitement (erection, lubrication, vasocongestion) 2. late excitement/plateau 3. orgasm (carpopedal spasms) 4. resolution
27
vasocongestion
accumulation of blood in blood vessels of genital
28
myotonia
muscle contraction
29
male orgasm
-exciment NO and dopamine - vas, seminal vesicles, prostate contract - penis contracts rhythmic, ejaculatory inenvitability
30
male resolution
- detumescence (loss of eretion) - refractory period
31
female excitement
vasovongestion NO and estrogen nipples erect (myotonia) plateau: orgasmic platform tightening, bulbospongiosus muscle
32
kaplan's triphasic model of sexual response
1. sexual desire (psychological) 2. vasocongestion 3. muscular contractions/orgasm
33
sexual excitation-inhibition model
- excitation: responding with arousal to sexual stimuli - inhibition: inhibiting sexual arousal - those high on excitation: high-risk sexual behaviors
34
Basson's sexual response model for women
- Women should move from sexual neutrality to seeking sexual stimuli needed to ignite desire
35
emotion and arousal
pos emotions = pos association w arousal, but also neg emotions (like anger)
36
neural and hormonal bases of arousal
- spinal reflexes control erection and ejaculation - brain activity and sexual interest network
37
pheromones
body chemistry activate hypothalamus and amygdala menstrual synchrony girl we're synced
38
sexual techniques
erogenous zones autoeroticism two-person sex aphrodisiacs
39
implicit measures
IAT
40
bioligical measures/ genital measures
lubrication, erection speed or strength penile plethysmography vaginal pgotoplethysmograph pupil dilation Measures of hormones
41
probability sampling
each member of pop has a known probaility of being included in sample
42
volunteer bias
caused by refusal or nonreponse volunteers for sex researchare more sexually permissive and experienced
43
purposeful distortion
intentionally giving self-reports that are distortions of reality
44
memory
enlargment or concealment of memories
45
researcher-bias
Researchers may ask about identities or experiences in different ways, reflecting their own biases
46
ethics
informed consent, protection from harm, justice, cost-benefit analysis
47
NSHLS survey
large-scale, national survery using proper sampling, face-to-face
48
snowball sampling
respondent-driven sampling, inviting others to join
49
alfred kinsey
- face-to-face over 5000 men and 6000 women sexual histories - kinsey report published - institute for sex research - possible damping issuese
50
ethonography
Complete description of human society
51
participant-observer technique
scientist is part of community
52
infancy and preschool yrs (0-4)
- capacity for genital response from birth - genital touching (6-12mo) - masturbation (2.5-3yr) - importance of parental reaction - child-child encounters - gender identity ~2-3yr, imitation
53
childhood (5-11yr)
- adrenarche (maturation of adrenal glands) around 8-10yr -> incr levels of androgens -> sex hormone action - masturbation before puberty - gender segregation - gender essentialism: belief that boys and girls are different
54
adolescence (12-18yr)
- relationships central to identity development - puberty - risky sex (amydala and ventral striatum mature earlier emotion + feel-good seeking) (prefrontal later)
55
udry (1988) theoretical model
- early teen sex results from interaction of social factors (permissive attitudes) and biological factors (testosterone levels)
56
college years (19- 22yo)
- casual sex no pleasurable (orgasm gap), peer pressure, alcohol consumption
57
cohabitation effect
Cohabitation predicts a higher divorce rate in marriage
58
aging habituation
sexual frequency decreases from 2- 3xwk over time
59
parenthood associations
- declines in relationship satisfaction - stressful, less sleep, role conflicts
60
nonconsensual nonmonogamy
affairs motives: anger, sexual desire, lack of love, etc.
61
equity theory
pereive inequity if inputs > rewards inequity perceived -> cheat
62
menopause
- climacteric: gradual biological changes in women 45-60 - decline in estrogen, progesterone, egg production, T production - menopause: cessation of menstruation, 50-52 - physical symptoms: hot flashes, osteoperosis, less elastic vag
63
menopause treatment
- HRT (hormone replacement theory): combined estrogen and progesterone, health risks, medicalization....
64
male menopause
- andropause: slower erections, more control - less volume and force in ejaculation 0 low T industry emerged

Psych 453 (3 decks)

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