Chap 18.1 Flashcards
What religions were becoming militant/combative?
-Calvinism and Catholicism
-the 1560s
-aggressive in winning converts
-eliminating each other’s authority
Who was King Philip II?
-Supporter of militant catholicism
-Son of holy roman emperor Charles V
-Inherited vast empire, including Spain and the Netherlands
-Known as the “most Catholic” king
-Demanded strict adherence to catholicism and monarchial authority
-Powerful Spanish Navy
What measures did Spain take to convert to Catholicism?
-Reconqured Muslim areas
-Expelled Jewish people (forced to convert or go into exile)
What happened when Philip tried to strengthen control of the Netherlands? (one of the richest parts of his empire)
-Resentment and opposition from Netherland nobles
-Philip tried to crush Calvinism
-Violence erupted and Philip sent troops to crush the rebellion
-12 year truce ended the war
-Northern provinces began to call themselves the United Provinces of the Netherlands
Who was Queen Elizabeth?
-On the throne of England in 1558
-Protestant (made England the leader of Protestant nations)
-Worked to solve religious problems
-Moderate foreign policy but couldn’t escape Spanish conflict
-Tried to keep Spain and France from gaining too much power
What was the Spanish Armada?
-A Spanish fleet of ships that were sent to invade England, surround it
-Means to overthrow Protestantism
-England had better ships and became better positioned for the battle
-The Armada lost to England
-Wind and tides played a crucial role in naval victory
What were the causes of the French wars of religion?
-French Kings persecuted the Protestants
-Many French nobles converted to the Huguenots (French protestants influenced by Calvin)
-Ultra Catholics opposed Huguenots
What ended the Catholics and Huguenots?
-1562 - 1598
-In 1589, Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot, took over the throne as Henry IV (fighting ended)
-He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by the Catholics in France so he converted to Catholicism
-In 1598, the king issued the Edict of Nantes (declared Catholicism as the official religion of France but allowed Huguenots religious and political rights)
What was the main cause of economic and social issues in Europe?
-INFLATION
-growing population - demand for more land and food made prices go up
What were the economic and social crises that were happening all over Europe?
-Spain’s economoy failing
-Italy declining financially
-Witchcraft trials
What were the witchcraft trials?
-fear of witches spreading (also fear of being accused)
-Common/poor people were the ones accused (mostly women)
-Women who were single, widowed, over 50 accused
What were the reasons for conflict in the thirty years war in Europe?
-1618 - 1648
-Catholics and protestants each want their religion to dominate
-Sweden wants control of the baltic region
-United provinces of the Netherlands want to be independent of Spain
-France wants to break up the holy roman empire and weaken Spain
-More countries joined and it became more political (looking for power)
Who were the participants in the thirty years war?
-German Catholics (and allies) vs. German protestants (and allies)
-Sweden, France, United Provinces of the Netherlands vs. Holy Roman Empire, Spain
What was the outcome of the thirty years war?
-Peace of Westphalia (Sweden, France, and their allies got new territories)
-The holy roman empire ceases to exist
-Sweden gains control of the baltic region
