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Psy Exm 1 > Chap 3 > Flashcards

Chap 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation and perception

A

Sensation and perception are the processes that help to shape and create our world.

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Sensation is the process of receiving stimuli energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy.

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3
Q

Perception

A

Perception is the process of organizing
and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense.

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4
Q

Photoreception (sensory receptors)

A

Photoreception involves the detection of light.

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5
Q

Mechanoreception (sensory receptors)

A

Mechanoreception is the detection of
pressure, vibrations, and movement perceived as touch, hearing, and equilibrium.

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6
Q

Chemoreception (sensory receptors)

A

Chemoreception is the detection of chemical stimuli, in the form of smell and taste

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7
Q

Synesthesia (sensory receptors)

A

Synesthesia is the cross-activation
of the senses.

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8
Q

The Structure of the Eyes

A

The eye is set up like a camera in that it is able to take a picture of the world.

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9
Q

The sclera

A

The sclera is the white outer part of the eye that gives the eye its shape and protects the eye from injury.

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10
Q

Iris

A

The iris is the colored part of the eye.

The pupil, which appears black, is the
opening in the center of the iris.

The iris contains muscles that allow the pupil to grow larger or smaller, depending on how much light is being let into the eye.

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11
Q

cornea

A

The cornea is the clear membrane on the outer part of the eye. The curved surface of the cornea bends light
on the surface of the eye in order to focus it to the back of the eye.

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12
Q

Lens

A

The lens is transparent and somewhat flexible.
When a person is looking at an object far away, the lens has a relatively flat shape. However, when a person is looking at a closer object, more bending of the light is needed, which is done by the lens.

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13
Q

Retina

A

The retina is the light-sensitive surface
that records what a person sees and then converts it to a neural impulse for processing in the brain. The retina is the important mechanism for sight.

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14
Q

Rods

A

Rods are sensitive to light and
allow a person to see at night.

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15
Q

Cones

A

Cones are used for color perception and are not very helpful at night.

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16
Q

fovea

A

The fovea is in the conter of the retina. It contains only cones and is important to many visual tasks.

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17
Q

optic nerve

A

The optic nerve carries visual information to the brain.

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18
Q

blind spot

A

The blind spot on the retina contains neither rods nor cones.

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19
Q

trichromatic theory

A

The trichromatic theory states that color
perception is produced by three types of receptors. The term color blind refers to the ability to see some colors but not others. Color blindness depends on which of the three kinds of cones (green, red, and blue) is inoperative. Afterimages are sensations that
remain after a stimulus is removed. Trichromatic theory cannot explain afterimages.

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20
Q

The opponent-process theory

A

The opponent-process theory states that cells in the visual system respond to red-green and blue-yellow colors. A given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by blue and inhibited by yellow.

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21
Q

Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy

A

To perceive a visual stimulus, the fragments of information that the eye sends to the visual cortex must be organized and interpreted.

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22
Q

Shape

A

The figure-ground relationship occurs when a person organizes the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (figure) and those that are left over (background).

Gestalt psychology explains how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain
patterns.

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23
Q

Depth Perception

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A

Depth perception is the ability to see objects in three dimensions.

24
Q

Binocular cues(depth)

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A

Binocular cues are depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together.

For example, if a person holds a hand over one eye and focuses
on an object and then switches to cover the other eye, the switching back and forth between the eyes will cause the object to seem to jump back and forth. The brain uses these differences in views to determine depth and distance.

25
Convergence (depth (
Convergence occurs when two eyes focus on an object. If the object is near us, our eyes converge, or almost move together, almost crossing. If the object is far away, we can focus on it without pulling our eyes together. This muscle movement gives information to the brain about distance or depth.
26
Monocular cues(depth)
Monocular cues are depth cues that are available from the image in just one eye, whether the left or the right. Some examples of monocular cues are familiar and relative size,height in the field of view, linear perspective, overlap, shading, and texture gradient.
27
Motion Perception
In some animals, motion perception is a means of survival. Apparent movement occurs when an object is stationary but it is perceived as moving. An example of apparent motion is watching an Imax movie.
28
Perceptual Constancy
Perceptual constancy refers to the recognition of objects as remaining stationary and unchanging even though the sensory input about them is changing.
29
What three type of perceptual
: size constancy, shape constancy, and color constancy,
30
Structures and Functions of the Ear
The ear transmits a high-fidelity version of sounds in the world to the brain for analysis and interpretation.
31
Outer Ear
The outer ear contains the pinna, the outer visible part of the ear, and the external auditory canal.
32
Middle Ear
After passing through the pinna, sound waves go through the auditory canal to the middle car or the tympanic membrane.
33
Where does sound travel in middle ear
Sound travels through the cardrum, hammer,anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear. The eardrum vibrates in response to sound. When they vibrate, sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear.
34
What does inner ear contain
The inner car contains the oval window, the cochlca, and the basilar membranc.
35
Where does oval windows send sound waves to
The oval window sends sound waves to the cochlea. The cochlea is a tubular fluid-filled coil that is similar to a snail's shell.
36
basilar membranc
The basilar membranc lines the inner wall of the cochlca.
37
cilia
It is comprised of tiny hair cells called cilia that are sensory receptors. hair cells that line the basilar membrane.
38
What happen when they any movement against the tectorial membrane
Any movement against the tectorial membrane (a jellylike Map) generates impulses that are interpreted by the brain.
39
What is the purpose of the inner ear
The purpose of the inner ear is to transduce sound waves into neural impulses that are then sent to the brain for interpretation.
40
cochlear implant
Cochlear implants are devices that were specifically developed to replace damaged hair cells. A cochlear implant a small electronic device that is surgically implanted in the ear and head--allows deaf or profoundly hard-of-hearing individuals to detect sound.
41
How can hair cell be damaged
These hair cells can be damaged from too much loud noise
42
Theories of Hearing
43
Place theory
Place theory is the phenomenon of displacement that occurs when each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane. A high-frequency sound stimulates a specific part of the basilar membrane; however, a low-frequency sound causes a large portion of the basilar membrane to be displaced.
44
Frequency theory
Frequency theory states that the perception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires. High-frequency sounds cause the nerve to fire more than low-frequency sounds. The volley principle comes into play when a cluster of nerve cells fire neural impulses in rapid succession to produce a volley of impulses.
45
The Chemical Senses
Smell (which detects airborne chemicals) and taste (which detects chemicals in saliva)are responsible for processing chemicals in the environment. Smell and taste are often stimulated at the same time.
46
Taste
Papillac, the small bumps on a person's tongue that contain taste buds, are the receptors for taste. The information picked up by taste bud receptors travels to the brain for interpretation. The four different taste qualities that a person can perceive are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty.
47
The tip of the tongue
The tip of the tongue is more sensitive to sweet and salty
48
the sides tongue
the sides more sensitive to sour
49
the rear of the tongue
and the rear more sensitive to bitterness.
50
Smell
The neural pathway first goes to the olfactory areas of the temporal lobes and then to various brain regions, especially the limbic system.
51
What does smell pay huge role
Smell may play a role in mating behavior.
52
kinesthetic senses
The kinesthetic senses provide information about movement, posture, and orientation.
53
Where kineshetic sense is located
The kinesthetic senses are located in muscle fibers and joints throughout the body. When a person stretches or moves, these fibers signal the state of the muscle.
54
vestibular sense
The vestibular sense provides information about balance and movement.
55
What does vestibular sense tells a person
The vestibular sense tells a person whether his or her head is tilted, moving, slowing down, or speeding up.

Psy Exm 1 (3 decks)

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