chap 3

Question 1

Imperative commands

Answer 1

To indicate a direct command, Latin uses a mood called the imperative.
The singular form is usually the same as the present stem, found by dropping -re from the present active infinitive (§5). * The plural form adds -te to the present stem.

ama - (you) love!
amate - (you all) love!

Question 2

vocative - direct address

Answer 2

The vocative case in Latin is used to address a person ( or thing ) directly .

Its form is identical to the nominative in both the singular and the plural of all declensions , except for the singular of 2nd declension nouns ending in -us or -ius . 2nd declension nouns in -us use the vocative singular ending -e ; those ending in -ius use the ending -ī :

Sometimes the vocative is preceded by ō and , in modern texts , it is often set off from the rest of the sentence by commas . The vocative can appear in statements and questions , but it is especially common in commands

Question 3

Genitive case

Answer 3

The genitive case can best be translated “of_____” but has several different uses, such as -

Possession - the girl’s book

Of the whole (partitive) - the genitive expresses the whole of which a part is mentioned

turba virōrum = a crowd of men

Question 4

Dative case

Answer 4

The dative case is usually best translated “ to/for_____ and has a number of different uses .
Two of the most common uses are to show:

indirect object - He gives a gift to the girl .

Reference (interest) - He is working for the master . He has a gift for the boys .

Question 5

Reading expectations

Answer 5

The first declension ending -ae can signal either a…

Nominative plural , or
A genitive or dative singular

The second declension ending -ī can signal either…

nominative plural or
genitive singular .

The number of the verb ( singular or plural)
will help you resolve these ambiguities since a nominative plural noun should be accompanied by a plural verb .