Chap 4 Flashcards
1
Q
20 days after conception
A
-neural plate
-neural crest
2
Q
Neural plate
A
-contains a lumen
-the CNS
3
Q
Neural crest
A
Begins to curl together to form the PNS
-lays on top of the neural plate
4
Q
28 days after conception
A
-forebrain
-midbrain
-hindbrain
5
Q
Hindbrain
A
The spinal cord
6
Q
42 days after conception
A
-cerebrum and diencephalon
-midbrain
-cerebellum, pons and medulla
7
Q
Central nervous system is made up of
A
-spinal cord
-brain
8
Q
spinal cord is made up of
A
31 pairs
9
Q
Brain is made up of
A
-forebrain
-cerebellum
-brain stem
10
Q
Forebrain is made up of
A
-cerebrum
-diencephalon
11
Q
cerebrum is made up of
A
-Cerebral cortex
-basal nuclei
12
Q
Diencephalon is made up of
A
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
13
Q
Cerebellum made up of three parts
A
-spinocerebellum
-cerebrocerebellum
-vestibulocerebellum
14
Q
Brain stem is made up of
A
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla
15
Q
Three types of neurons
A
-afferent
-interneuron
-efferent
16
Q
What neuron brings information into the CNS
A
Afferent
17
Q
what neuron is present completely in the CNS
A
Interneuron
18
Q
what neuron takes info from the CNS out
A
Efferent
19
Q
Afferent
A
-advancing to the CNS
-sensory receptor
20
Q
Anatomy of an afferent neuron
A
-receptor
-peripheral axon
-central axon (part that enters the CNS)
21
Q
Interneurons
A
-very common and complex
-completely in the CNS
-learning and emotions
22
Q
Efferent
A
Takes messages from CNS to the target
23
Q
Neuroglial
A
The glue that holds neurons together
-support neurons physically and metabolically
24
Q
Types of neuroglial in the PNS
A
-satellite cells
-Schwann cells
25
Satellite cells
Form a shield around cell body, providing health
-part of the PNS
26
Schwann cells
Form the myelin
-neutrophic growth factors
-found in PNS
27
Oligiodendrocytes
Insulating myelin sheath in the CNS
-nodes of ranvier
28
Astrocytes
Paracrine signals to form tight junctions
-blood brain barrier
-enhancing synaptic activities
-physically support
-found in CNS
29
Microglial
Silent when inactivated
-brain immune cell that scavenges what you don’t need in the brain
30
Ependymal cells
Secretes the cerebral spinal fluid
-act as stem cells
-found in CNS
31
Protection of the CNS
-cranium
-3 meningines
-cerebral spinal fluid
32
Cranium
Hard bony structure, surrounds the brain
33
The three meningines
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater
34
Dura mater
Tough outer layer
-venous system, transfers out used blood
35
Arachnoid mater
Network of projecting
-subarachnoid space
-villi that brings used materials into the venous system
36
Pia mater
Innermost layer
-attached to brain tissue
-contains arterial system
37
Meningitis
Infection and inflammation of the three layers
-caused by bacteria
38
Meningocarpal meningitis
Most fatal of meningitis disease
39
CSF
Special cushioning fluid
-very salty
-shock absorber
-relives the weight of the brain
-made three times a day only 150mL each time
40
Why does CSF have high sodium
For quick and efficient communication
41
Chloroid plexus
Formed by epdymal cells
-produces CSF
-found in 3rd/4th ventricle
42
Blood brain barrier
Tight junction that is selectively permeable
-produced by astrocytes
43
What does it mean that the BBB is selectively permeable
-needs carriers for specific communications
44
Where is the BBB abscent
-brain stem vomiting center
-hypothalamus (ns and endocrine)
45
Parkinson’s
Deficiency of dopamine production
-movement disorder
46
Treatment for Parkinson’s
Leva dopa
-crosses BBB then turns into dopamine
47
Leva dopa
Precursor to dopamine
48
Cerebrum
Convoluted, highly developed, largest, most distinctive
-contains two cortexes
49
The cerebrum has __ layers of grey mater
Six
50
What does grey mater do in the cerebrum
Neuron communication
-found in cerebral cortex
51
The cerebrum has __ layers of white mater
1
52
What does white mater do in the cerebrum
Contains all myelinated axons
-found in basal ganglia
53
Carpus callosum
Neural bridge and communication between both sides
-found in cerebrum
54
Gyrus and sulcus
Gyrus: peak of swoop
Sulcus: bottom of swoop
55
Four lobes of cerebrum
-occiputal
-temporal
-parietal
-frontal
56
Occiputal lobe
Visual images are conveyed
57
Temporal lobe
All sound inputs
58
Parietal lobe
-Receives and inputs all sensory
-central sulcus (division)
(Both of these work together like when u get stabbed by a needle and react)
59
Frontal lobe
-voluntary activity
-speech
-thought
60
Primary motor cortex
Motor humunculus (upsidownlittle man)
-controls fingers, thumbs, lips, jaw
61
Sensory cortex
Temperature, pressure, touch
-propioception
62
Propioception
Awareness of my position in time and space
63
Left hemisphere
-logical, analytical, sequential
-language skills, math
64
Right hemisphere
-specially skilled, artist and creator
-musical, holistic thinking
65
Speech in the cerebrum
-wernickes area
-brocas area
66
Wernickes area
Language comprehension
67
Receptive aphasia
Language disorder where there is no meaning to words
-usually caused by stroke
Wernickes
68
Broca’s area
Output zone, that forms patterns of word
69
Expressive aphasia
Understand words but cannot speak back
-No syntax
70
Wernickes area and Broca’s area are found in….
The cerebrum
71
Silent areas
Have a variety of functions, coordinate behaviour and functions
-prefrontal
-parietal temporal occiputal
-limbic
72
Prefrontal
In front of the frontal lobe
-decision making
-creativity and personality
73
Parietal-temporal-occiputal
Complete picture of body with the external world
74
Limbic
Inner/bottom surface
-motivation, learning and memory
75
Supplementary motor area
Programs complex motor movements
-using hands AND feet
-various regions at once
76
Premotor area
Orientating body and arms toward a specific target
77
Posterior parietal cortex
Somatic sensory and visual input
-important for complex movements
78
Posterior parietal cortex works together with
The premotor area
79
Somatosensory cortex
In touch with outside world
-touch sensory (what body part touched) (what did u touch)
80
Basal nuclei
-suppresses unnecessary movements and increases beneficial movements
-inhibit muscle tone
81
Inhibit muscle tone means
There is a constant state of contraction
-posture and vertebral support
-not having tremers
82
Basal nuclei Parkinson’s disease
Loss of encouraging what you want, discouraging what you don’t want
-symptoms: resting tremors, shuffling walk, reptile stare and rigitity
83
Huntingtons disease
-recessive genetic disorder
-very quickly breaks down the nuclei basal
Symptoms: twitching, eventually loss of cognitive functional, bed bound
-fatal
84
Diencephalon
Contains two structures (thalamus and hypothalamus)
-midline
-under the corpus callosum
85
Thalamus
-relay station
-a lot of motor function
-sensory stimuli, EXCEPT smell, is being processed
-awareness of functions but not location
86
An example of the thalamus functioning
A parent waking up because of a baby crying
87
Hypothalamus
Collection of nuclei, under the thalamus
-connects nervous system to endocrine system
-homeostasis and negative feedback
-survival and reproduction of species
-autonomic ns
-satiety center
88
_____ goes to thalamus which goes to ____ which goes back to first ______
1. Higher cortex motor
2. Basal nuclei
89
Example of the hypothalamus negative feedback loop
-temperature
90
Posterior pituitary gland
-oxytocin and positive feedback
-vasopressin
-blood pressure (indirect)
91
Vasopressin
Antidurhetic
-deals with osmotic levels
92
Oxytocin
-aids in childbirth, amplifying contractions
-releases colostrum from breasts
93
Anterior pituitary gland
-reproduction/secretion of male and female hormones
-growth hormone
-prolactin
94
Growth hormone
-metabolism
Direct to the thyroid
95
prolactin
Milk production
-mammary gland development
96
Pineal gland
-circadian rhythm
-melatonin
97
Melatonin
Biological clock, sleeping hormone
Example- jet lag
98
Autonomic nervous system
Fight or flight
99
satiety center
Hunger and satisfaction
100
Cerebellum
Second brain
-found at base at neck
101
Spinocerebellum
Fine voluntary movements
-corrects faulty movement
-corrects smooth directed movement (precise)
-enhance muscle tone
102
Cerebrocerebellum
AIDS in the planning and initiation
-stores previous movement (muscle memory)
103
Vestibulocerebellum
-equilibrium and balance
-connection to ear
-controls eye movement
104
Brain stem
Life saving processes
-respiration, circulation and digestion
-houses cranial nerves
-reticular activation system
105
Midbrain
Hidden in middle
-eye reflexes and movement
-auditory reflexes
106
Pons
Bulbous
-controls breathing
107
Medulla
-blood pressure and in term heart rate
-vomiting center
-swallowing
-respiration
108
Limbic system
Primitive site of emotions
-anger, motivation, sex
-worm like structure in the inner center of the brain
109
Parts of the limbic system (9)
-cingulate gyrus
-fornix
-hippocampus
-amygdala
-frontal/temporal lobe
-hypothalamus/thalamus
-olfactory bulb
110
Cingulate gyrus
Gestures
111
Fornix
Doesn’t really have an attribute
-but if removed affects recal memory
112
Hippocampus
Everyday memories
-site of neuron production
113
Alzheimer’s
Loss of hippocampus function
114
Amygdala
Site of primitive emotions
-primarily fear
-affects sympathetic nervous system
115
Examples of active amygdala
-butterflies in stomach
-alcoholism or coping
-goosebumps
116
How many nerves in spinal cord
31 pairs of nerves
117
How many cervical nerves, and where are they found
8
-neck
118
How many thoracic nerves and where are they found
12
-chest
119
How many lumbar nerves and where are they found
5
-abdominal
120
How may lumbar nerves are there and where are they found
5
-pelvic
121
How many coccygeal nerves and where are they found
1
-tailbone
122
Dermatones
Mapped spinal nerves
-except C1
123
Cauda equina
Tail end of spinal cord
“Horsestail”
124
Why is the Cauda equina relevant to nursing and healthcare
Retrieval of CSF sample
-for meningitis or epidural during childbirth
125
White matter contains
Ascending and descending tracts
126
What three areas exist in grey matter
Dorsal horn, lateral horn, ventral horn
127
What is the dorsal horn
Afferent neurons
-form ganglia just outside (dorsal root ganglion)
128
Lateral horn
Efferent nerve that is autonomic
-can hide pathogens such as herpes
129
Ventral horn
Efferent neurons that are somatic
-hide pathogens
130
Reflexes
Are responses that occur automatically without conscious effort
131
Simple and basic reflexes definition
Reflexes that you are born with
-usually go away after awhile
132
Four examples of basic reflexes
-Babies suckling reflex
-babinski
-startling response
-landau
133
Babinski
Positive: toes raise/food is flattened
Negative: toes curl/food arches
134
Landau
Holding the baby away from body, causes babies to try to get closer
135
Acquired and conditioned responses
Reflexes you need to learn
-uses reflexes arch
136
Examples of conditioned reflex responses
Toilet training
137
Where do the reflex archs end up
End up in the spinal cord to respond quicker
