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Human Physiology I > Chapter Four (anatomy) > Flashcards

Chapter Four (anatomy) Flashcards

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1
Q

Four major tissues

A

-epithelial
-connective
-muscular
-nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

-covers body surfaces
-lines of hollow organs, body cavities and ducts
-avascular
-innervation
-highly regenerative
-forms glands

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3
Q

Connective tissue

A

-protects and supports the body and its organs
-bind organs together
-it stores energy as fat
-provides immunity

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4
Q

General characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

-cellular and polar
-attached to a basement membrane
-avascular
-high regeneration capacity
-innervation

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5
Q

General characteristics of connective tissue

A

-all contain cells, protein fibres and ground substance

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6
Q

Primary germ layer of epithelial

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm

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7
Q

Primary germ layer of connective tissues

A

Mesoderm

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8
Q

Muscular tissue

A

-produces force for movement
-generates body heat

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9
Q

Nervous tissue

A

-detects changes in a variety of conditions
-responds, intimates and transmits nerves/impulses
-muscle contraction and glandular secretion

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10
Q

Cellularity and polarity in epithelial tissue

A

Cellularity- made of cells bound by intercellular junctions, with little/no extracellular matrix

Polarity- apical surface, lateral surface and basal surface

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11
Q

Avascularity in epithelial tissue

A

Lacking blood vessels
-receive nutrients by diffusion from underlying tissues

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12
Q

Innervation in epithelial tissue

A

The epithelia are richly innervation to detect changes in environment

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13
Q

High regeneration capacity of epithelial tissue

A

Exposed apical surface is frequently damaged (and used for protection)
-epithelial cells are quickly replaced

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14
Q

epithelial tissue defends against…

A

Defends against
-dehydration
-abrasion
-physical, chemical and biological agents

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15
Q

Selective permeability of epithelial tissue

A

Regulates the passage of molecules in or out of certain regions of the body

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16
Q

Secretions

A

Exocrine glands
-secrete substances for use in the body or elimination from the body

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17
Q

Sensation

A

Possess nerve ending that can detect light, taste, sound, smell, hearing temperature and pain

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18
Q

Epithelium in integument

A

Protection

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19
Q

Epithelium in kidney tubules

A

Filtration

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20
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Secretion

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21
Q

Epithelium in lungs

A

Diffusion of gases

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22
Q

Epithelium in digestive organs

A

Absorption and excretion

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23
Q

Epithelium in tongue and nose

A

Chemoreception

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24
Q

Cilia

A

Assist in movement of certain substances across the epithelium
-ovum from ovary to the fallopian tube

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25
Goblet cells
Modified columnar epithelial cells that secret mucous to lubricate the lining of visceral organs
26
Microvilli
Increases the surface area of plasma membrane -finger like cytoplasmic projection Example: intestine
27
Epithelial tissue intercellular junctions
Strong bond by the lateral surfaces -membrane specializations
28
Tight junctions in the epithelial tissue
Prevents mixing and leaking -gatekeeper between internal/external -internally bound, apical surface attachment -ensures molecules go THROUGH epithelial cells rather than in BETWEEN Example: stomach wall, urinary bladder
29
Desmosomes junctions in epithelial cells
Provide support and stability -protein plaque form to act like a button/snap -substances move very fast (ATP through body) -found in places meant to stretch Example: heart
30
Gap junctions in the epithelium
fluid filled gap that allows movement -contains a connexon -allows adjacent cells to communicate by flow of ions
31
Simple epithelium
One layer of cells all in direct contact with basement membrane
32
Simple squamous epithelium
One layer of flattened cells -rapid diffusion, filtrations, some secretions
33
Simple cuboidal epithelium
One layer of cells about as tall as wide
34
Simple columnar epithelium
One layer of tall, narrow cells -goblet cells may be present -recreation of mucin -movement of mucus
35
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
One layer of tall cells that appears stratified -varying heights, multilayered -ciliated version has both cilia and goblet cells, nonciliated does not have either
36
Stratified epithelium
Two or more layers of cells -only deepest cell layer in direct contact with basement membrane
37
Stratified squamous epithelium
Multiple layers -upper layers of flattened cells
38
Keratinized
Superficial cells are dead
39
Nonkeratinized
Superficial cells are living
40
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Two or more layers -cells about as tall as wide -larger ducts, sweat glands -mainly protective
41
Stratified columnar
Two or more layers of tall, narrow cells -rare in the body -male urethra, salivary glands
42
Transition stratified epithelium
Multiple layers of cells that changed shape when stretched
43
In-utero
Inner layer of membrane around the embryo -simple squamous epithelium
44
Alveoli
Air sacs in lungs -simple squamous epithelium
45
Endothelium
Lining of heart chambers and lumen of blood vessels -lymphatic vessel lining -simple squamous epithelium
46
What type of epithelium tissue is in the fallopian tube
The ciliated simple columnar epithelium -lines the uterine tubes
47
What type of epithelium tissue is in the larger bronchioles of respiratory tract
Ciliated simple columnar
48
Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in
Most of the respiratory tract -nasal cavity, parhynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
49
Nonciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in
Lines the epididymus and part of the male urethra
50
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-single layer of cells, varying heights -serve as protection
51
Function of “ciliacted”
-protection and secretion (mucus)
52
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-multiple layers of cells -functions as protection -found in epidermis of skin
53
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-multiple layers of cells -protection -found in lining of vagina, oral cavity
54
Basal cells
Cubodial
55
Apical
Squamous
56
Stratified cubodial epithelium
-two or more layers -acacias cells are cuboidal -protection and secretion -found in large ducts in exocrine glands, male urethra
57
Stratified columnar epithelium
-two or more layers of cell -apical surface is columnar -protection and secretion -found in some regions of urethra and exocrine glands
58
Transitional epithelium
-appearance varies, depending on stretched or relaxed state -can change sizes, stretch out -accommodates urine content for the bladder
59
Endocrine glands
Into the Bloodstream -secretes hormones
60
Exocrine glands
Into the skin surface -contains a lumen
61
Merocrine gland
Secrete products from secretory vesicles -exocrine Example-salivary gland, pancreatic exocrine
62
Holocrine
Cell accumulates product then disintegrates Exocrine Example- sebaceous gland
63
Apocrine
Product stored in the apical part of a cell that pinches off Exocrine -mammary and some sweat glands
64
Functions of connective tissue
-physical protection (fat and bones) -support/framework -storage -binding -transport -immune
65
Ligaments connect
Bones
66
Adipose stores
Fat
67
Three different protein fibres
-elastic -collagen -reticular
68
Collagen fiber
-long, strong and unbranched -most abundant
69
Elastic fibres
-thinner, stretches easily -allows structures to stretch and recoil -blood vessels
70
reticular fibres
-thinner -form a branching, woven framework -stromatolites of organs
71
Fibroblasts
-produce fibres and ground substance of extra cellular matrix
72
Adipocytes
Fat cells with a single large lipid -store lipid reserves
73
Fixed macrophages
Phagocytize foreign material
74
Mesenchymal cells
Spindle shaped embryonic stem cells -divide in response to injury to produce new connective tissue
75
Resident cells
Maintain and repair extracellular matrix -store materials
76
Wandering cells
Repair damage extracellular matrix -active immune response
77
Mast cells
Release histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation
78
Plasma cells
Form antibodies that bind to foreign substances, bacterial viruses
79
Free macrophages
Phagocytize foreign materials
80
Other leukocytes
Attack foreign materials, or directly combat bacteria
81
Connective tissue proper (2 subcategories)
-loose connective tissue -dense connective tissue
82
Loose connective tissue (3 types)
-areolar -adipose -reticular
83
Dense connective tissue (3 types)
-regular -irregular -elastic
84
Supporting connective tissue (2 types)
-cartilage -bone
85
Cartilage (3 types)
-hyaline -fibrocartilage -elastic
86
Bone (2 types)
-compact -spongy
87
Fluid connective tissue (2 types)
-blood -lymph
88
Loose connective tissue
-fewer cells and fibres -loosely arranged Semi solid
89
Areolar connective tissue
Packs around and binds organs -Lesser amounts of collagen and elastic fibres -viscous ground substance
90
Example of areolar connective tissue
Surrounds nerves and vessels
91
Adipose connective tissue
Protects, stores fat, insulates -Adipocytes
92
Adipose connective tissue examples
Surrounding kidney and selected other organs
93
Reticular connective tissue
Forms stroma of lymphatic organs -mesh work of reticular fibres
94
Reticular connective tissue example
Stroma of -spleen -liver -lymph nodes -bone marrow
95
Dense connective tissue
-higher proportion of fibres to ground substanc3e -protein fibres densely packed together
96
Difference between loose and dense connective tissue?
Dense - more fibres and densely packed protein fibres Loose - fewer fibres and loosely arranged
97
Dense regular connective tissue
Provides great strength and flexibility, in ONE single direction -densely packed collagen fibres, parallel to direction of stress
98
Dense regular connective tissue examples
Tendons and ligaments
99
Dense irregular connective tissue
Provides strength in all directions -densely packed collagen fibres, interwoven -fibres irregularly clumped together, project in all directions
100
Dense irregular connective tissue example
Dermis of skin -capsules of organs
101
elastic connective tissue
Provides framework and supports organs, while allowing stretching of some organs -elastic and collagen fibres are arranged irregularly
102
Elastic connective tissue example
Trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal chords, ligaments of penis
103
Areolar loose connective tissue
Loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues -protection -gel-like
104
Areolar connective tissue example
Papillary layer of dermis, surrounds organs
105
Adipose loose connective tissue
Major source of fat/energy storage -closely packed fat cells
106
Hypertension increases the amount of what connective tissue?
Adipose loose connective tissue
107
Tendons connect to
Bone
108
Dense means less
Ground substance
109
Cartilage are made up of what cell
Chondrocytes
110
Collagen fibres (cartilage)
Provide tensile strength and resilience
111
Is cartilage avascular or vascular?
Avascular -heals slowly
112
Three types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage
113
Hyaline cartilage
Promotes movement at joints and bone growth -chondrocytes in lacunae -most common, but weakest -has perichondrium
114
Hyaline cartilage examples
Fetal skeleton Nose Costal cartilage
115
Fibrocartilage
Resists compression, and absorbs shock -parallel collagen fibres in matrix -lacuna house Chondrocytes -no perichondrium
116
Fibrocartilage examples
Pubis symphysis Intervertebral disc Lateral meniscus
117
Elastic cartilage
Maintains structure, while undergoing extensive flexibility -abundant elastic fibres -fibres form weblike mesh around lacunae -perichondrium present
118
Bone
-calcified extracellular matrix organized in osteons -protects organs -provides levers for movement -stores calcium
119
Compact bone
Calcified matrix arranged in osteons
120
Spongy bone
Lacks the organization of compact bone -macroscopic spaces -mesh work pattern -site of hematopoiesis
121
Skeletal muscular tissue
-long cylindrical, striated fibres -moves the body voluntarily -attached to bone and skin
122
Cardiac muscular tissue
-short cell -involuntary
123
Smooth muscular tissue
-one centrally located nucleus -short, nonstraited, involuntary Hollow organs: stomach, airway
124
Neuron nervous tissue
-generates action potential -communication -electrical activity
125
Glial cells
-support and protect neurons -provides nutrients
126
Junction of skeletal muscle
Attaches to bone or skin
127
Junction of cardiac muscle
Desmosomes or gap
128
Locations of SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Lining of the digestive tract
129
Locations of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Epidermis of the skin
130
Locations of TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
Lining of the urinary bladder
131
Locations of ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Fat
132
Locations of DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Ligaments and tendons
133
Location of DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Dermis of the skin
134
Location of HYALINE CARTILAGE
Articulate cartilage in some joints
135
Location of FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Blood and lymph
136
Location of SKELETAL MUSCLES
Muscles attached to bones
137
location of CARDIAC MUSCLE
Muscle layer in heart
138
location of SMOOTH MUSCLE
Muscle layer in digestive tract
139
Location of NEURONS
Brain, spinal cord and nerves
140
Location of GLIAL CELLS
Brain, spinal cord and nerves
141
Basement membrane
Between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue -Thin extracellular layer -provides physical support -anchors to connective tissue -act as barrier
142
Mucous membrane
Covered with thin layer of mucus
143
Serous membrane
Produce serous fluid
144
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid into join cavities
145
Cutaneous membrane
Like skin, protects the body from water loss and harm to internal organs
146
Serous membrane is composed of
Mesothelium and underlying layer of connective tissue

Human Physiology I (10 decks)

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