Chap 4 - Infant State (MIDTERM 2) Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 main physical changes when it comes to the infant’s body?
A
Change in body size ans muscle-fat makeup.
- Height increases 50% by age 1 and 75% by age 2, which is very fast
- Weight doubles by age 6 months and triples by age 1
2
Q
What are neurons?
A
Nerve cells that store and transmit information
3
Q
What are the different part of a neuron and their functions?
A
Dendrites: getting signals from other cells
Cell body with soma: when NT are synthesized and generated
Axon: long tail-like structure that speeds up the message
Myelin sheath: fat-like substance surrounding the axon that speeds up the connection and the release of the message
Axon terminal: allows for neurons to communicate with one another
4
Q
What is a NT? What is the difference between inhibitory NT and excitatory NT?
A
NT: chemicals released by neurons that cross the synapse
Inhibitory NT calm down and inhibit the NS
Excitatory NT stimulate the NS and make individuals more alert
5
Q
What is the synaptic gap?
A
Space between two neurons in which the NT and released and the message is sent from one neuron to the next
6
Q
What is meant by synaptogenesis?
A
Synaptogenesis is the proliferation of neural connections. We want the neurons to be connected for the NT to be transferred from one neuron to the next
7
Q
What is the process of myelination?
A
It is the formation of fatty layer encasing axons
8
Q
What is the process of synaptic pruning? Why is it occurring? Why is it relevant in toddlerhood?
A
It is the reduction of unused synapses and/or neurons. Its purpose is to clean the NS and to make it as efficient as possible, and so it reduces all irrelevant messages/connections that don’t serve.
Considering that the brain gets rid of the unused neurons, it is important important to stimulate the toddler as much as possible in many areas so that the brain develops properly.
9
Q
When does the brain circumstance significantly increase? What about brain volume? Does it stop afterwards?
A
Both in the first 4-5 years of life. Growth continues and never stops.
10
Q
What is a newborn reflex?
A
An automatic response or action programmed by brain centres
11
Q
Name and describe 6 newborn reflexes
A
Rooting: responses when you have your cheeked touched/stimulated
Sucking: as soon as anything comes close to mouth, you suck
Grasping: grasping reflex (bending reflex)
Moro: responses to sudden loss of support (i.e. feeling that pressure of arms holding him is gone –> raising arm to be in caregiver’s arms)
Stepping: when holding baby on flat surface, they’ll attempt to walk
Babinski: tickling the foot –> toes turning upwards
12
Q
What are three ways to assess brain functioning?
A
- Electroencephalogram (EEG)
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
13
Q
What is the purpose of EEG? How does it work?
A
EEG aims to measure electrical activity in the brain, and it can be performed on toddlers and newborns. It allows to see the functioning of the brain through the brain waves. It is quite quick, yet not very precise. It allows to see the whole picture.
14
Q
How does fMRI work? What is its purpose?
A
The idea is that a huge magnetic field is being generated, which gets the molecules excited for a while until they go back to resting state. While they are going back to their resting state, a signal is emitted and depending on where the signal was in the first place, you can get a better idea of what is going on in the brain. It has a better resolution than PET scan. You can make the person carry out a task and can look a the activity in the brain (easier to do on newborns compared to toddlers).
15
Q
How does PET scan works? Where is the injection done? Is it used on newborns and toddlers? One downfall?
A
The person is injected with a radioactive tracer substance, and all parts of brain that are active light up.
The substance is radioactive but breaks down very quickly (from minutes to hours).
Injection is done in the blood brain barrier, and the aim is for the substance to bind to whatever is of interest.
Not used on newborns or toddlers, can use in mid-childhood. It takes a long time.
16
Q
What are the difference ways in which PET scans can be used?
A
- Comparing healthy individuals with a trauma population to see the repercussions on brain activity (which regions are less activated?)
- Looking at the impact of antidepressant on the brain
17
Q
What are the two brain hemispheres and what are they mainly responsible for?
A
Left hemisphere: verbal, analytic process
Right hemisphere: spatial, holistic processing
18
Q
In what is the left hemisphere involved? What happens when the left hemisphere is damaged?
A
Left hemisphere is involved in verbal skills and processes related to language, such as hearing, understanding, producing. It is also analytic in a sense that looks for more precise symptoms.
When damaged, you won’t be able to focus on facial details of others.
19
Q
In what is the right hemisphere involved? What happens when it’s damaged?
A
The right hemisphere is involved in space, orientation, and layout. It is holistic in a sense that it processes things as a whole rather than specific parts
When damaged, you would be able to describe specific details, but not the overall picture.
20
Q
What is brain lateralization?
A
Idea that certain functions are located on one side of the brain i.e. language on left side
21
Q
What is brain plasticity?
A
It is the brain’s ability to adapt, which is quite important in early life since the brain is malleable and vulnerable.
Plasticity is the idea that the brain is creating new connections. For instance, certain brain regions are much more developed in taxi drivers as they need to be well oriented in their city.
22
Q
What is a sensitive period?
A
A sensitive period is a period in which an organism undergo certain changes, where the NS is developing, and so it could easily be impaired. For instance, as the brain is growing (4-5 years old), the brain is more reactive to environmental stressors, which makes it more vulnerable. As such, the first years of life are a sensitive period of the brain.
23
Q
What is an experience-expectant brain growth?
A
Development of brain depending on expected ordinary experiences (i.e hearing human speech) –> you would expect a baby to be exposed to human speech and human touch. If some events are expected to happen and don’t happen, it may lead to problems. It is linked to a sensitive period.
24
Q
What is an experience-dependent brain growth?
A
It is the refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures. This type of experience is not expected, but rather an additional skill that a person may develop, which will affect the brain structure. It is not linked to a sensitive period.
25
What are the three influences of human physical changes?
Heredity, Nutrition, Malnutrition
26
How is heredity influencing human physical changes?
Genes provide boundaries for physical development. For instance, if my parents are short, my chances of being tall are quite low. Genes don't explain everything, but can clearly account for some parts.
27
How is nutrition influencing human physical changes? What is an example of food rich in nutrimental value?
Having a good nutrition is essential for human development as the body needs nutrients and antibodies. The breast milk is recommended till 6 months as it provides high levels of nutrients, antibodies, and oxytocin, which are important for the mother-child bond.
28
How is malnutrition influencing human physical changes? What could it lead to?
Malnutrition may come with extreme lack of protein or any other nutrient, which leads to an imbalance in the gastrointestinal system.
Malnutrition may lead to stunting, which is when an individual is of excessive shorter stature. Stunting is a sign of inappropriate diet, which affects the cognition, memory, general health, height and weight.
29
How would learning occur according to the behaviorists?
Learning may be due to different types of conditioning. The idea is to expose the growing child as much as possible to whatever it needs, and then provide feedback. According to operant conditioning theorists, feedback (reinforcement and punishment) matters a lot.
30
What is habituation?
Gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation (i.e. getting familiarized)
31
What is recovery?
Occurs when a once-habituated stimulus now elicits a response again.
32
What are the two main types of motor development?
Gross-motor development and fine-motor development
33
What is gross-motor development? What does it imply and what is an example of it?
An example of gross-motor development is the developing ability to crawling or walking. It implies the use of larger muscles.
34
What is fine-motor development? What does it imply and what is an example of it?
An example of fine-motor movement is the developing ability of reaching and grasping. It implies the use of smaller muscles and allow for more precise movements.
35
What gross-motor skills develop in the first half of the first year? What about the second half?
In the first half, the newborn may start rolling over from its back to its belly, or try to sit with support.
In the second half, it may learn to crawl forward on its belly, or to sit without support. It may be able to do few steps without support.
36
What fine-motor skills develop in the first half of the first year? What about the second half?
In the first half, the newborn may respond by moving their arm to anything of interest and grasp smaller objects.
In the second half, the newborn may start watching and following objects, holding objects longer, shaking objects, and releasing them whenever.
37
Is the sequence of motor development universal or dynamic?
The sequence is fairly uniform, but there could be individual differences in rate of motor progress. A lot of factors can impact the progress. It is a dynamic progress
38
What makes the motor development a dynamic progress (3 factors)?
1. Body movement capacity
2. Child's goals
3. Environmental support for the skill
39
What can the baby hear in the womb? What about the few first hours of life?
The baby can discriminate the voice tones, and can discriminate the mom's voice. In the first hours of life, the baby can discriminate sounds based on loudness, duration, direction, and frequency.
40
What are the main points of the hearing development from 3 to 6 months old?
The baby can turn its eyes and heads toward the sound, they can start sat "speech-like" words, laughs, and make noises to indicate pleasure and displeasure.
41
What are the main points of the hearing development from 6 to 9 months old?
The baby can start saying things like "dadda, mamma", can shout, and vocalize to get attention.
42
What are the main points of the hearing development from 9 to 12 months old?
The baby is able to detect regularities in speech patterns, and the first word may emerge.
43
What are the main points of the hearing development from 12 to 18 months old?
The baby can understand new words (quick learning), and can understand simple spoken instructions (words making sense).
44
What are the main points of the visual development starting shortly after birth?
Shortly after birth, the child can fix and follow a light source, face, or toys; but the child has no visual acuity.
45
What are the main points of the visual development at 1 month?
Baby's fixation is central, steady, and maintained. They are able to follow a slow target and can focus on complex facial characteristics. They are all about light perception.
46
What are the main points of the visual development at 3 months?
The baby's binocular vision develops as well as their eye coordination (3D vision)
47
What are the main points of the visual development at 6 months?
At 6 months, the baby starts reaching out accurately for toys and reacts to emotional expressions on faces.
48
What are the main points of the visual development at 9 months?
Child starts looking for hidden toys and is able to move to avoid objects (not bumping into everything).
49
What are the main points of the visual development at 12 months?
The child now has 20/20 acuity and can detect familiar objects by incomplete drawings.
50
What is the visual cliff test? What does it show?
It is a test in which the infant is placed on one side of the area and the mother on the other side. At the middle, there's an illusion of depth. The aim is to look at how the child goes toward the mom while the mom is calling him/her. Anywhere before 8 months, the child seems to have no hesitation, but after 8 months, they seem more reluctant. This finding allows the researcher to understand that the perception of depth emerges around 8 months. The brain maturation may also help with the crawling.
51
When do senses such as smell and taste emerge?
Senses function well and help the newborn from day one
52
How is the sense of smell expressed in infants? How do they recognize their mother?
Infants are turning away and make expression of disgust to unpleasant odours such as vinegar or oeufs pourris. Neonates seem to prefer the odour of their mother's milk, or milk in general. They are recognize their mom by the smell of their breasts.
53
How is the sense of taste expressed in infants? What does each taste elicit? Which taste is their favorite?
Different tastes elicit different reactions. For instance, sour taste leads to persed lips and wrinkled nose, bitter leads to downturned mouth, tongue pultrusion and spitting. Infants tend to prefer the sweet taste, which makes them suck faster and smack their lips.
54
How is the sense of touch expressed in infants? How is it useful? What is the first part of their body that is involved in touching?
Infants touch surfaces, and pretty much everything. The more they touch, the more they know. Touch is very important for bonding, it lowers the infant's stress level, it promotes neural activity. They use their sense of touch to explore the environment.
Their lips or mouth is the first thing they use to discover the world, and afterwards come the use of hands.
55
How is gentle massaging useful for inattentive or agitated infants?
Gently massaging them would help to calm them down.
56
What is Gibson's Differentiation Theory?
This theory explains how infants learn to differentiate things in their environment. They notice what are the stable relationships between various features and they detect various patterns. They gradually detect finer and finer features, which allow them to differentiate. They are able to distinguish between their dad and their brother.
57
How can active exploration help differentiation?
It is all about affordances. The more infants have the opportunities, the easier it will be for them to distinguish the different stimuli. Senses can also be linked together to help the infant identify what is going on.
58
What is intermodal perception in infants?
It is the idea that senses are working together to help the infant perceive the world and help to differentiate different stimuli. For instance, around 3-4 months, it allows the child to match mom's voice with mom's face. Then, at 4-6 months, the infant is able to perceive and remember unique face-voice pairings of unfamiliar adults.
59
What is the main idea of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
It states the children actively learn as they experience the world to ultimately achieve maturation. It argues that cognitive development is there to benefit the world.
60
According to Piaget, in what stage are infants in? What does the stage entail?
Infants (from 0-2 years) are in the sensorimotor stage. This stage entails the idea that to pin down the basics of physical reality, infants manipulate the world.
61
What are the three main phase of Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
1-4 months: primary circular reactions
4-12 months: secondary circular reactions
12-24 months: tertiary circular reactions
62
How is the primary circular reactions phase characterized?
It is characterized by repetitive habits centering around the baby's body, in which the thumbs make random contacts with the infant's mouth --> giving importance to the thumb.
63
How is the secondary circular reactions phase characterized?
It is characterized by repetitive habits centering on environmental objects. This is where the first goal-directed behaviors emerge, where the infant starts believing that they can have an impact on the world, which goes along with brain maturation. This is where the first kicking and grasping behaviors emerge.
64
How is the tertiary circular reactions phase characterized?
It is characterized by repetitive behaviors centering around exploring object's properties.
65
What are 5 different cognitive abilities developed in the sensorimotor stage?
- development of language
- deferred imitation
- means-end behaviors
- object permanence
- limitations in thinking
66
What is the idea of deferred imitation?
The idea that infants are imitating facial expressions. For instance, they see people smiling and they respond by smiling back. They repeat the actions of others.
67
What is a means-end behavior?
The point at which infants are able to perform given behaviors, where they do something distinct to reach a particular end goal.
68
What is the most emerging sign of sensorimotor stage?
Means-end behaviors
69
What is the concept of object permanence?
"Out of sight = out of mind" idea, which means that if an infant cannot see the object, then the object does not exist anymore.
70
At what age does object permanence develop?
Object permanence develops towards the age of 8 months.
71
What is their limitation in think? Or what is the A-not-B error?
It is the idea that if you're showing an infant an object and hide it in a particular place (1), and then you take it out of that place and place it somewhere else (2), the infant would still look for it in the initial place where you hid it.
72
What are Piaget's contributions?
- Transformed perceptions of infancy and childhood
- Lights out technique --> child continue looking for object even when the lights are turned off and the object is "invisible"
73
What are criticisms about Piaget?
Evidences show that infants grasp physical reality between the age of 1, and are able to differentiate what is possible and what is not.
74
What is the information processing model? What does it look at?
It is a model that looks at how cognitive processes are changing and can be used to study cognitive development. Theorist equate the human mind to a computer: our mind analyzes the information from the environment and gets better and better at processing it in the future. We take in the info, analyze it and store it for future use. For our STM, we store the info in our LTM and it can then be used in the future. Our central executive then decides what is the action in the end.
75
How does memory develop in infants?
Around 5 months, infants can start differentiating between different numbers and are more reactive to new numbers. At around 7-9 months, infants can form categories, or can differentiate between animals and cars. Around the age of 9 months, children can start remembering events from previous days.
76
What is Vygotsky's Social Development Theory?
His theory emphasizes sociocultural influences on cognitive development. It basically argues that cognitive development stems from social interactions.
77
What is the Bayley Scales Intelligence Test for infant and toddlers? How does it work and what are the different scales?
It is a test that indicates how infants and toddlers are doing in different areas of development. Infants are then compared to the average score on each scale.
- Cognitive: measures the infant's ability to attend to familiar and unfamiliar stimuli
- Language: measures the extent to which infant can understand foreign language and how they recognize an object based on what is being said.
- Motor: measures fine (grasping) and gross motor skills (crawling)
- Socio-emotional: measures the extent to which they engage with other people socially and how they can go from a heightened state to a calm one
- Adaptive behavior: measures the infant's ability to perform skills and cooperate.
78
What is the Bayley Scales Intelligence Test used for?
It is used for screening and predicting developmental delay (NOT INTELLIGENCE)
79
What are social cognitions?
Social cognitions are inferences made about people's inner feelings and goals, based on their actions
80
What is joint attention? What does it signify? How does it develop?
Joint attention is the first sign of getting human intentions and it is truly represented by gaze checking after the age of 9 months.
The process starts with eye contact around 2-3 months, where the child looks at the parents when the parent is speaking. International joint attention comes at 6 months where the infant is able to follow the gaze from one side to the next, and they are turning where the parent is looking or pointing at. Around 8-9 months, the baby begins to point and use their own eye gaze. After 9 months, the baby starts double-checking.
81
What is Noah Chomsky's perspective on language?
Chomsky's Nativist Theory suggests that language is biologically-programmed. He believes that infants are inherently ready to make language.
82
What is BF Skinner's perspective on language?
Skinner, a behaviorist, believes that language is learnt by being reinforced, and so parents would need to reinforce the child with specific words.
83
What is a social interactionist's view of language?
They would argue that language is dependent on the place where a person is reared. As such, interactions between a baby and caregiver consists of one encouraging the other.
84
What are the 4 main steps of the language acquisition process in infants?
- At 2-4 months: cooing "ooo"
- At 6-11 months: babbling; alternating vowels and consonants "bababa"
- At 12 months: Holophrases; first one-word sentence "ja" for "I want juice"
- At 18-24 months: telegraphic speech; two words combination "me juice"
85
What is Erikson's developmental stage for the infancy period? How is it characterized?
Stage: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust --> The individual is completely dependent of the caregiver, and so the trust that the child has for the caregiver is very important. If the infant receives stable and positive care from the caregiver, he'll feel safe and secure and will develop a sense of basic trust (feeling that they can always go back home for care). If the child receives inconsistent and neglected care from the caregivers, they'll develop a sense of mistrust, which could result in fearing the world and being threatened by it.
86
How can attachment be defined? With whom does the infant tend to develop this attachment?
Powerful bond of love between the caregiver and the infant. The infant will develop this bond with the most available and the person present from the start.
87
How did behaviorists perceive attachment? Who are the main two behaviorist and what did they suggest?
They emphasized the importance of the environment, but did not see it from the same perspective. They researched against the danger of "too much" motherly love.
- Watson studied against the danger of "too much" motherly love
- Skinner minimized the human attachment need and believed that maternal reinforcement created the infant's need to be close to the caregiver and to depend on them.
88
What is ethology? What is the evolutionary adaptive perspective of the field?
Study of animal behavior in natural conditions. They suggest that attachment is potential adaptive.
89
What did Konrad Lorenz study? What did he conclude?
Konrad looked into the biologically programmed attachment responses and investigated the gooselings "imprinting", which is the process in which birds bond instinctively. He noticed that they would attach to the first person they encountered, and concluded that attachment is innate.
90
What did Harry Harlow study? What did he find?
He did experiments with monkeys about maternal separation. He was aiming to see the important of caregiving. He found that monkeys would bond best with softer mothers, and so he concluded that attachment is important and that soft textile contact i important as it ensures reassurance and security.
91
What did John Bowlby study? What did he find? What did his findings emphasized?
Bowlby focused on children hospitalized and separated from their mothers. At that time, there was no possibility of "visiting patient", and so no social support. He wanted to test on children who were isolated from their caregivers. Being separated from their mother show protest from separation, despair, and even detachment. He emphasized the importance of allowing family visits for children at the hospitals to avoid those detrimental effects.
92
Based on which findings did Bowlby came to his conclusion? Which was?
Putting evidence from Lorenz, Harlow, and his own research, Bowlby came to the conclusion that a primary attachment figure is crucial for healthy development and well-being.
93
What is Bowlby's evolutionary based theory?
His theory suggests that the 1st years of life is a critical period when the attachment response is programmed to emerge. If everything goes right, the infant will be fine, but if not, it could be dangerous for later attachments.
94
What are the 4 different stages of Bowlby's theory?
- pre-attachment stage (0-3months)
- attachement in the making stage (3-7 months)
- clear-cut attachment stage (7+ months)
- reciprocal relationship (18-24 months)
95
How is the pre-attachment stage characterized?
The pre-attachment stage is characterized by "social smile." The infant is showing no visible sign of attachment towards anyone.
96
How is the attachment in the making stage characterized?
This stage is a transitional period where the infants starts to gradually form attachment from social smiling to everyone. However, the child starts preferring someone in particular, but still cuddles with everyones.
97
How is the clear-cut attachment stage characterized?
This stage is where the infant starts needing the caregiver close at all times. The infant starts crying when with someone unfamiliar and NEEDS the caregiver to calm down.
98
How is the reciprocal relationship stage characterized?
It comes together with the end of infancy, where the infant starts talking. The development of language allows for discussion between infant and caregiver as the child does not need to cry to express itself.
99
At what age does the mental representation of attachment figure emerges? What comes with it?
3 years old. It comes with an overview of the world, the self, others, and the caregivers.
100
What is Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation?
It is an experiment that aims to observe how types of attachment translate into infants. The idea is to make the infant play with the caregiver, and then the parents leaves the room and the child is left alone with a stranger, and then the parent comes back. Throughout the whole experiment, researchers observe how the infant is reacting.
101
What is the caregiver-sensitivity hypothesis?
The idea that caregiver's response to a baby's signals are foundations for secure attachment, or that parents' response would predict the attachment.
102
What are the 4 different attachment styles?
- secure attachment
- avoidant attachment
- resistant/ambivalent attachment
- disorganized
103
How is the secure attachment style represented in the SS?
The child is calm when the stranger is introduced, distressed when left alone with stranger, and calms down quickly when parent is back.
104
How is the avoidant attachment style represented in the SS?
The child feels unloved and uncared for. The child is distant from the caregiver and shows no difference when the stranger is introduced or when left alone with them. They would ignore the parent when coming back.
105
How is the resistant attachment style represented in the SS?
Inconsistent parental care. The infant shows extreme distress when left alone with the stranger, but rejects contact with caregiver in reunion phase.
106
How is the disorganized attachment style represented in the SS? Who introduced it?
It was introduced by Salomon. Distressed when left alone and acts bizzarely in reunion phase.
107
What is a temperament?
Inborn style of dealing with the world
108
What are the three basic emotions?
Happiness, fear, anger/sadness
109
How does the emotion of happiness develop in infancy?
Birth: smile
6-10 weeks: social smile
3-4 months: laughing
110
How does the emotion of anger/sadness develop in infancy?
Birth: general distress
4-6 months: anger
Sadness = response to disrupted caregiver (infant communication)
111
How does the emotion of fear develop in infancy?
First fears emerge at the second half of the first year (mostly due to stranger anxiety)
112
At what time do infant develop their sense of self? With what does it emerge? What does it give rise to?
1 1/2 to 3 years old. It comes with socialization practices, in a way that adults teach infant/toddler what is appropriate and what is not, which gives rise to self-conscious emotions. Then, adults would also teach them how to cope with emotions.
113
What are the self-conscious emotions?
- shame
- embarrassment
- guilt
- pride
- envy
114
What is emotional regulation? Where does it take place?
Management of negative emotions and inhibition of impulses, which leads the child to behave in a socially acceptable way.
Taking place in the prefrontal cortex, but not fully developed until 25 years old (so should not expect major changes). Assistance of caregivers should be offered to help the process.
115
What is maternal deprivation? When is it crucial? What did maternal deprivation give rise to?
Pretty self-explanatory: being deprived from mother. First years of life seem to be crucial, but if you delay it past 2-3 years, it becomes even more difficult and the attachment/trust is even harder to built. The longer you wait, the greater will be the consequences.
It gave rise to Reactive Attachment Disorder in DSM-5.
116
What is Reactive Attachment Disorder?
It is a pathological condition in which the child is not able to establish any healthy attachment, they have difficulty connecting with anyone, dealing with their emotions, developing trust, knowing their self-worth. They often fear others.
117
What establishes the stability of attachment?
Some genes are involved in the production of oxytocin, being the love hormones. If there's a mutation in that gene, it may disrupt the attachment, but one gene CANNOT account for the whole thing.
118
According to Erikson, what is the first psychosocial developmental stage in toddlerhood? How is it characterized?
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt. During that period, toddlers seek to separate themselves from their parents to experience things on their own in order to test themselves. If caregivers provide the child enough freedom while still caring, the child will develop autonomy. If the caregiver reprimands everything, the child may develop shame and doubt.
119
How can you help toddlers to develop properly? (7)
- Respond with sensitivity and support
- Give advanced notice of change in activities
- Explain the reasoning behind each behavior
- reinforce self-controlled behaviors
- encourage sustained attention
- support language development
- increase rules GRADUALLY
120
What is socialization? Who is socializing the toddler?
The process by which children are taught to obey the norms of society. Parents, teachers, siblings are the ones showing the toddlers what is acceptable and what is not.
121
What types of children have more difficulty self-regulating? Why?
- Exuberant, joyful and fearless children since they are extremely active.
- Shy toddlers, because they tend to withdraw from social interactions and not get full socialization practice.
122
What is the key to socializing shy toddlers?
- Not be overprotective or treat them as glass
- be responsive and make them know that you're here
- expose them to new situations
123
What is the key to socializing exuberant toddlers?
- foster positive guidance
| - arrange child's environment to fit their temperament.
