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Flo-PSYC333 > Chap 5 - Early Childhood > Flashcards

Chap 5 - Early Childhood Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the skeleton develop in early childhood?

A

Cartilage becomes bone; body becomes more rigid and strong. Toddlers starts losing baby teeth.

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2
Q

What is the percentage of the adult brain weight at 5 years old?

A

90% of the adult brain weight

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3
Q

Which parts of the brain develops quickly in early childhood? What is this development accompanied with? What other brain development continues.

A

The prefrontal cortex, which comes with increased self-regulation. The hemispheres continue to lateralize.

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4
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

The cerebellum is one of the most primitive brain region involved in balance and control for body movement. It is also involved in motor skills development.

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5
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

It’s the interconnected nuclei located in the brainstem. It is involved in altertness, consciousness, and awareness.

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6
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

It is a subcortical region involved in memory, image of space (orientation), and learning.

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7
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Connects the two cerebral hemispheres, and explains how these two work together

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8
Q

What is the pituitary gland? What hormones does it secrete? What are those two hormones involved in?

A

Pituitary gland secretes growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Both hormones are involved in cell growth, cell reduction, and regeneration. In adults, they are responsible for the maintainance of muscle and bone mass. They are also involved in metabolism, and keeping energy balance.

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9
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

Rapid proliferation of new neural connections

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10
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Reduction of unused synapses

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11
Q

What gross motor skills do children develop?

A

Balance, speed, endurance

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12
Q

What fine motor skills do children develop?

A

Drawing, tying shoes

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13
Q

What are the changes seen in 2+ years old in terms of motor development?

A
  • picks up small objects with thumb and forefinger
  • throws/rolls balls
  • walks up unassisted
  • runs ahead
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14
Q

What are the changes seen in 3+ years old in terms of motor development?

A
  • walks up one foot to a step
  • tosses ball overhead and bent elbows
  • holds crayon with fingers
  • print name
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15
Q

What are the changes seen in 4+ years old in terms of motor development?

A
  • cuts paper
  • cuts/draws approximate circle
  • can turn sharp corners while running
  • bonhomme alumette
  • writting words carrying meaning
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16
Q

What are the changes seen in 5+ years old in terms of motor development?

A
  • hops on each foot
  • climbs actively
  • copies short words
  • catches and controls ball with hands
  • tying shoes
  • complex drawings
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17
Q

What factors may lead to individual differences in motor development? How?

A
  • practice
  • adult encouragement
  • socialization of gender differences (boys: force and power / girls: balance and agility)
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18
Q

What factors may lead to individual differences in physical development?

A
  • Genes and hormones
  • Infectious diseases
  • Injuries
  • Nutrition
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19
Q

How can genes and hormones lead to individual differences?

A

Genes: providing boundaries

Hormones: not enough hormones leads to poor bone density, decreased bone mass, unproper development of gross motor skills, whereas too much hormones can lead to obesity

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20
Q

How can infectious disease lead to individual differences in physical development?

A

Can influence one’s development by leading to gland swelling

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21
Q

How can injuries lead to individual differences in physical development?

A

Can hinder life and normal development

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22
Q

How can nutrition lead to individual differences in physical development?

A

Essential nutrients are needed for proper development, and if the child’s alimentation is not well balanced, it can lead to developmental problems.

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23
Q

How is obesity impacting developed countries? What about developing countries?

A

In developed countries, obesity is more common among low income families since unhealthy food is cheaper. In developing countries, obesity is more common in high families since they can afford to access this food.

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24
Q

How has objective stress of the pregnant mothers during the 1998 ice storm impacted the BMI of the children from 5 to 15 years old? What is the link with epigenetics?

A

Children showed higher BMI if their mom were exposed to high objective stress during the ice storm. Their gene expression (having to do with the metabolism and stress response) had influenced their BMI, which means that epigenetics outweighed the genetic predisposition

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25
What are the obesogenic factors?
- working parents - oversized portions of foods - low-cost, calorie-rich food preferences - lack of exercise (BI-DIRECTIONAL)
26
What are the psychosocial impacts of obesity?
depression, eating disorders, decreased self-esteem
27
What are the neurological impacts of obesity? Why is it called as such?
Pseudotumor cerebri: condition in which ressure around the brain increases and this pressure cause serious headaches and vision problems. Called "pseudotumor" since the symptoms resemble the ones of a brain tumor.
28
What are the grastrointestinal impacts of obesity?
Steatohepatitis: this is a fatty liver disease in which there is more and more fat accumulation, which implies that the liver is inflammed, which can lead to different problems
29
What are the renal impacts of obesity?
Glomerulsclerosis: kidney disease in which there is a hardening of the blood vessels in the kidneys, which impairs their functioning, which can then lead to various disease
30
What are the endocrine impacts of obesity?
Precocious puberty: puberty onset is happening much earlier since the body composition (fat tissue) resembles the one of someone of older age. The child's body is changing into one of an adult before the age of 8, which is WAY too early
31
What is Piaget's cognitive developmental stage in early childhood? How is it characterized?
The preoperational stage (2-7 years old), which suggests that the child's perceptions are captured by their immediate appearance. "What they see is what is real", nothing beyond that.
32
What is preoperational thinking?
it is a cognition marked by the inability to step back from one's immediate perceptions and think conceptually. Briefly, understanding only what they see.
33
What is animism? Give an example
Crediting the inanimate object with life-like properties (desires, feelings), i.e. Teddy bear will enjoy the wagon ride
34
What is anthropomorphism? Give an example
attributing human traits to non-human entities, i.e. human-like rabbit in Alice in Wonderland
35
What is articficialism? Give an example
Idea that all things were created by an intelligent entity, which has complete control over all behaviors, i.e. mommy created everything.
36
What is seriation?
ability to put things in order according to a principle (color, size, etc.). children in preoperational stage CANNOT do it
37
What is transitivity?
Ability to recognize logical relationships among elements in a serial order, and perform transitive inferences (i.e. A \> B, B\> C, but can't tell that A \> C. Children in preoperational stage CANNOT do it
38
What is centration (centering)?
Idea that child focuses on one aspect of the problem despite of all other facets; it prevents the children from understanding others' points of view.
39
What is the children's greatest limitation?
Centration
40
What are the different limitations linked to centration? (5)
- conservation - reversibility - class inclusion - egocentrism - appearance-reality distinction
41
How is conservation impairment?
Children don't have the ability to understand that the amount of a substance is NOT changing despite the changes in form? For instance, if children are presented two rows of pennies with the same amount of pennies, but one of the rows has the pennies more splitted up, then the child would say that the longer row has more pennies.
42
How is reversibility impaired?
Children are unable to reverse a sequence of events as they only focus on current appearance
43
How is class inclusion (classification) impaired?
They understand what is a fruit and what is an apple, but they can't analyze both of them at the same time; they can't focus on unity and class.
44
How are children egocentric? What is egocentric speech?
Children have the inability to distinguish viewpoints of other people, or the inability to put themselves in other people's shoes. They also cannot speak from the listener's point of view.
45
What are appearance-reality confusion and distinction?
Appearance-reality confusion: what you see is what you get, i.e. if you present the child with a picture of a cat, and then you put the face of a dog on the cat's body, the child will say that the cat is now a dog. Appearance-reality distinction: progressive ability to distinguish appearance and reality.
46
How is children's identity constancy impaired?
Children are unable to grasp identity constancy, i.e. if a dad puts on a mask, he becomes a scary monster to his 4-year-old daughter. It is the idea that children fail to understand that the core remains the same regardless of the change in physical appearance.
47
What are the pros of Piaget's theory? Cons?
+ insight into children's minds + schooling timing advices - underestimate cognitive ability - undervalues sociocultural influences
48
What does Vygostky's Social Development Theory suggests?
It argues that interpersonal processes, the role of society, and instructions are critical to cognition. It values the knowledge transferred to you by other people.
49
What is the purpose of apprenticeship according to Vygostky? What are its two main components?
Apprenticeship is an active learning process during which a more skilled master teaches to a less skilled "apprentice." This active learning is assume to promote cognitive development. - Guided participation: structured activities where the knowledgeable person teaches the apprentice. The goal is to make the apprentice good enough to play and perform on their own. - Intersubjectivity: shared agreement of an activity (everyone must understand the rules, purposes, dos and donts)
50
Why is Vygotsky emphasizing on language? What is inner speech and what's the purpose of it?
He believes that language is how knowledge is transferred. Inner speech refers to the person repeating information silently or "out loud" in order to regulate behavior or master cognitive challenges (you're basically guiding yourself through the steps). It allows you to ensure that you comply to everything you need to do.
51
What is the developement of language?
Infants are exposed to direct speech, which helps them to learn quickly - 1 year old: pronouncing first word - 2 year old: vocabulary of hundreds of words 5-6 years old: 10 000 words \*meaningful words
52
What is fast-mapping?
Rapid connection of new words to their exact referents.
53
What are the different types of learning that children go through to learn and better their language? (8)
- phonemes: sound units that convey meaning in language ("c" of cat) - morpheme: smallest unit of meaning in language; recognizing the roots of the words ("woman"ly) - syntax: grammatical rules of a language (knowing how to construct sentence) - semantics: meaning system of a language; understanding that a word can mean different things depending on the context, and that the more you learn about a word, the more you can infer its meaning (i.e. crash) - overregulation: common mistakes where general rules for plurals or past tense forms are misapplied (i.e. learning that plural comes with a "s", but not acknowledging the exceptions. - Overextension: common mistake where verbal labels are applied too broadly (i.e. kitty applying to cats, lions, tigers, etc.) - Underextention: common mistake where verbal labels are applied too narrowly (i.e. only your cat is a kitty) - Mean length of utterence: average number of morphemes in sentences (the higher the MLU, the more enhanced is your language)
54
What are two word-learning styles? Which is mostly used?
- Expressive style: social emphasis (feelings) i.e. daddy angry - Referential style: intellectual emphasis (labelling) i.e this is a dog \*Most children blend them together
55
How can parents assist the learning of language through active learning? (4 methods)
- speaking to children frequently - naming objects that grab children's attention - using gramatically sophisticated speech (stimulating the kid) - reading to children while carefully describing the pictures
56
What is the zone of proximal development?
Idea that you must adapt what you're teaching to the current knowledge and competence of the apprentice and what is the skill you want to teach. You must teach him/her gradually while not doing everything for them and allowing for them to make mistakes.
57
What is scaffolding?
Scaffolding is breaking up the learning into chunks and providing a tool, or structure, with each chunk.
58
What are the pros and cons of Vygostky's social development theory?
+ accounting for sociocultural influences + emphasis on the role/support of the "teacher" in cognitive development - overemphasis on the role of language - rarely conducted research (purely theoretical)
59
What are the executive functions involved in the information processing theory?
- attention - working memory - inhibitory control - planning \*They all improve gradually
60
How is the working memory capacity before the age of 7?
Working memory has a "limited-capacity holding bin" meaning that it is limited to one or 2 things max at once, and improves afterwards.
61
How is the working memory at around 7-8 years?
It has improved a lot and now allows for new understanding (phone numbers, addresses, etc.), but there is still variability (some do it earlier, some later).
62
When does autobiographical memory emerges?
Emerges with the sense of self, so around 1 1/2 to 3 years old. Their memories can now focus on their own experiences and it can be improved through conversation.
63
Which neural structure invovled in memory develops early? What does it do? What's the problem?
Hippocampus develops earlier than the frontal cortex. Hippocampus is involved in coding and retrieving memory, but the frontal cortex is not there to regulate the memory. As such, the hippocampus (and memory) is still malleable and vulnerable, meaning that memories can be altered or induced.
64
What is rehearsal?
Learning strategy where people repeat information to embed it in memory
65
What is selective attention?
Learning strategy where people manage to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information.
66
What are the three principles that preschoolers have mastered and are able to apply to how many objects? To how many objects can children of 5 years and older apply them?
Can be applied to 5 objects: - one-to-one principle: number name for each object counted (one apple, two apple, three apple) - stable-order principle: number names must be counted in the same order - cardinality principle: last number in a counting sequence denotes how many objects there are in the set \*children over 5 years can apply the principles to \<9 objects, and then it increases exponentially
67
To what are due the development of planning and inhibition of responses?
Frontal cortex-related executive functions improve as the frontal cortex continues to mature, which explains why you become better at "Jean dit". It improves gradually during preschool.
68
When is ADHD usually diagnosed? Who is more likely to be diagnosed? What could be the cause? What are the main characteristics of ADHD?
- usually diagnosed in elementary school - most often diagnosed in boys - lowered levels of dopamine - excessive restlessness, difficulties focusing, trouble estimating time, deficits in executive functions
69
What are the two ADHD interventions?
- Psychostimulants: increasing dopamine levels - Foster best person-environment fit (parent education --\> if child is hyperactive, they should be given time to release that energy)
70
What is the Theory of Mind? When does it develop? What are the 3 phases?
The idea of making sense of other people's mind and understand that people may have different perspective compared to you. It develops around 4-5 years old. - Aware of desires, speak of wants and likes - Distinguish mental from physical world (distinguishing their actions from their thoughts) - Know that their behavior can be based on beliefs about events, although the belief can be false.
71
What are False-Belief tasks? What are two common tests?
Tasks used to asses whether a person has the theory of mind. - Sally and Anne Test: if the child has developed the theory of mind, they would say the marble is in the basket since it shows Sally's point of view, and not their own. Sally is not aware that the marble is no longer in the basket since she did not see Anne move it. - Mean monkey exercise: children who have not developed the theory of mind don't understand that the monkey can be fooled, and keep telling which stickers they like. Children who have developed the theory of mind can understand that he can think things that others don't and that his thoughts are his alone.
72
What leads to a early development to the theory of mind? (3 factors)
- Having older siblings - being bilingual (developed brain regions) - advanced intellectual development
73
What factors may lead to a later development of theory of mind?
- frontal lobe damage - autism "mindblindness"; difficulty interacting because of non-human world fixations

Flo-PSYC333 (6 decks)

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