Chap 4 Plant Reproduction/Propagation

Question 1

_______ is the art and science of
multiplying and producing plants using
propagules representing a specific genotype by
means of sexual or asexual reproduction .

Answer 1

Plant propagation

Question 2

_____is any plant part used to produce
a new plant or a population of plants. E.g.
seeds, stem, leaves, roots, etc

Answer 2

Propagules

Question 3

These activities centered around stable communities
and people began to select and propagate the kind of
plants that provided a greater and more convenient
supply of food and perhaps other products for
themselves and their animals

Answer 3

Role of Plant Propagation in Human

Question 4

What are the Importance of Plant Propagation?

Answer 4

1. It increase or multiply the number of plants
   rapidly and with minimum mortality.
2. It prevent

Question 5

What are the methods of plant propagation ?

Answer 5

1. Sexual Plant Propagation
2. Asexual Plant Propagation

Question 6

_______A method of producing new plants from seeds or
spores, which are produced from the process of fertilization.

Answer 6

Sexual Plant Propagation

Question 7

______ refers to producing new plants without any
fertilization occurring

Answer 7

Asexual Plant Propagation

Question 8

______the most common method by which plants reproduce in nature.

Answer 8

SEXUAL PROPAGATION

Question 9

_____most efficient and widely used method for cultivated crops.

Answer 9

SEXUAL PROPAGATION

Question 10

______seeds arise from the fusion of male
and female gametes to form a single cell
(zygote) within the ovule of a flower

Answer 10

SEXUAL PROPAGATION

Question 11

Advantages of Sexual Propagation

Answer 11

1.Sexual Propagation are often the cheapest
way of producing a large number of plants
in a very short period of time.
2. Sexual propagation also offers a very good
opportunity to produce and develop new
hybrids and varieties .
3. Plants produced are hardy

Question 12

Disadvantages of Sexual Propagation

Answer 12

1. Plants raised through seeds have long
   juvenile period.
2. Variation is not always good, desirable
   characteristics of the parent plant maybe
   lost. Cannot produced/breed “true-to-
   type”

Question 13

What are the different Kinds of Botanical Seeds?

Answer 13

1. Recalcitrant seeds
2. Orthodox seeds

Question 14

______Seeds of plants that could not be kept for along time. It cannot withstand drying and should not permit to dry out before planting..

Answer 14

Recalcitrant seeds

Question 15

What are the example of Recalcitrant seeds?

Answer 15

Avocado, mango, durian, rambutan,
santol, cacao, jack fruit

Question 16

______Seed of some plants that could be kept viable for longer periods, provided they are dried properly. Includes most cereal grains and most vegetable

Answer 16

Orthodox seeds

Question 17

What are the Classes of Seeds?

Answer 17

1. Breeder seeds
2. Foundation seeds
3. Registered seeds
4. Certified seeds

Question 18

_____produced and handled only by a plant breeder: purity is very high . It is issued with white tag.

Answer 18

Breeder seeds

Question 19

_____progeny of breeder seeds; handled in such a way as to maintain its genetic purity and identity. It is issued with red tag.

Answer 19

Foundation seeds

Question 20

_____progeny of foundation seeds; handled in
such a way to maintain its genetic purity and identity. It is
issued with green tag.

Answer 20

Registered seeds

Question 21

____progeny of registered or foundation seeds
handled in such a way to maintain its genetic purity and
identity; reproduction is through certified seed growers. It is
issued with blue ta

Answer 21

Certified seeds

Question 22

______refers to the emergence of a new plant
from the mature seed. In other words, the
activation of metabolic machinery of the
embryo leading to the emergence of a new
seedling plant

Answer 22

Seed Germination

Question 23

What are the Environmental factors affecting seed
germination:

Answer 23

Water, temperature, light, gases

Question 24

_____a seed must have an ample supply of
moisture for germination to occur.

Answer 24

Water

Question 25

______Moisture content needed for germination to occur ranges from 25% to 75%.

Answer 25

Water

Question 26

-Rehydration - imbibition of water. -RNA & protein synthesis stimulated. -Increased metabolism - increased respiration. -Hydrolysis (digestion) of food reserves by enzymes. -Changes in cell ultrastructure. -Induction of cell division & cell growth.

Answer 26

Events of pregermination

Question 27

- Rupture of seed coat - emergence of seedling, usually radicle first.

Answer 27

Events of Germination

Question 28

-Controlled growth of root and shoot axis. -Controlled transport of materials from food stores to growing axis. -Senescence (aging) of food storage tissues.

Answer 28

Events of post germination

Question 29

- range of temperatures over which germination can occur. - seasonal physiological changes as seeds become more or less dormant. - warm temperatures (>20 degrees celcius) favor germination

Answer 29

Temperature

Question 30

All light responses controlled by phytochrome. Most require light (red light – 660 to 760 nm). - seeds sensitive to duration, intensity and especially quality. - even in a single batch of seeds, the response may vary depending on other environmental factors. E.g. temperature

Answer 30

Light

Question 31

- reduced O2 or increased CO2 usually reduces germination. - except to some submerged aquatic plants where germination is stimulated by anaerobic conditions. - NO2 gas may have potential for dormancy breaking

Answer 31

Gases

Question 32

______physiological or physical condition of a viable seed that prevents germination in the presence of otherwise favorable germination conditions.

Answer 32

Seed dormancy

Question 33

______seeds will not germinate even when the environmental conditions are permissive for germination (Copeland and Mcdonald, 2001).

Answer 33

Seed dormancy

Question 34

______or simply, the resting period of the seed

Answer 34

Seed dormancy

Question 35

Provides mechanism for plants to delay germination until conditions are optimal for survival of the next generation (Finkelstein et. al, 2008).

Answer 35

Importance of seed dormancy

Question 36

Types of dormancy

Answer 36

1. Primary 2. Secondary

Question 37

_____exogenous or coat-imposed dormancy

Answer 37

Primary dormancy

Question 38

_____imposed by: temperature, light/darkness, adnormal amount of water, chemical and gases

Answer 38

Secondary dormancy

Question 39

______any treatment that removes the seed coat or alters it, making it more permeable to water and air.

Answer 39

Scarification

Question 40

_____placement of seeds between layers of moist sand, soil or sawdust at high or low temperature so the action of water and high and low temperature will soften the seed coat.

Answer 40

Stratification

Question 41

Methods of Seed Viability Testing

Answer 41

1. Tetrazolium Test 2. Ragdoll Method 3. Petridish Method 4. Seedbox Method

Question 42

____refers to producing new plants without any fertilization occurring.

Answer 42

Asexual or vegetative propagation

Question 43

____It include the use of cuttings, budding, grafting, air layering, tissue culture and propagation by division

Answer 43

Asexual or vegetative propagation

Question 44

Advantages of Asexual Propagation

Answer 44

1. Exact copies of parent plants can be produced in most cases (conserving desired characteristics). 2. Good quality and uniformity among plants produced. 3. Can propagate non-seed producing plants and viable seeds.

Question 45

Disadvantages Asexual Propagation

Answer 45

1.Higher susceptibility to epidemic. 2. Hurricane tolerance lowered. 3. Additional knowledge

Question 46

Apomixis, from the greek words, Apo meaning _____, and Mixis which means ______

Answer 46

“away from” and “mingling”

Question 47

_____reproduce only asexually ex. Spanish plum

Answer 47

Obligate apomixis

Question 48

____reproduce either sexually or asexually ex. Mango, citrus, etc

Answer 48

Facultative apomixis

Question 49

_____A group of plants, cultivar or variety derived from the same parent plant by asexual (vegetative) propagation

Answer 49

CLONE

Question 50

Asexual Propagation Methods

Answer 50

1. Separation 2. Division 3. Cutting 4. Grafting 5. Budding 6. Layering and Marcotting

Question 51

_____method of asexual propagation using naturally detachable organs

Answer 51

SEPARATION

Question 52

____fleshy stem section serving as storage organs with one or more nodes, as in orchids such as cattleya and cymbidium

Answer 52

Pseudo stem

Question 53

____Plant propagation by division includes a number of different techniques, in each of which the parent plant is split into two or more pieces, each capable of developing into a new plant.

Answer 53

Division

Question 54

____is a method of asexual propagation wherein specialized or modified stems and roots are cut into pieces or sections with at least one bud or eye per section

Answer 54

Division

Question 55

A method of asexual propagation involving regeneration of structural parts in detached vegetative parts under favourable environmental conditions.

Answer 55

Cutting

Question 56

_____is a cut piece of plant material, which can be made to develop new stems and roots to form a new plant

Answer 56

Cutting

Question 57

The taking of a piece of stem to reproduce plants. Use a rooting hormone with fungicide to…. Speed up root development. Prevent root rot

Answer 57

Stem cutting

Question 58

• The use of leaves and sections of leaves to reproduce plants. • Done from herbaceous plants. • Veins must be cut!

Answer 58

LEAF CUTTINGS

Question 59

• The use of roots to reproduce plants. • E.g. bread fruit, guava, etc

Answer 59

ROOT CUTTING

Question 60

_____is a vegetative propagation method where plants are encouraged to develop roots on stems, which are still attached to a parent plant which supplies the nutrients and moisture while the roots of the plants are still formin

Answer 60

Layering

Question 61

Types of Layering

Answer 61

Simple layering Compound or Serpentine Layering Mound or Stool Layering Air Layering (Marcotting)

Question 62

_____involves bending a low-lying flexible branch to the ground.

Answer 62

Simple layering

Question 63

____is similar to simple layering, but several layers can be produced on a single stem.

Answer 63

Compound or Serpentine Layering

Question 64

_____is used when heavy- stemmed, closely branched rootstocks of some fruit trees

Answer 64

Mound or Stool Layering

Question 65

______is useful for improving the appearance of plants which have become leggy through the loss of their lower foliage.

Answer 65

Air Layering (Marcotting)

Question 66

_____connecting parts of plants together in such a manner that they will unite and continue their growth as one plant.

Answer 66

GRAFTING

Question 67

_____is a method in which only one bud is inserted in the rootstock. This method is very easy and fast. This method saves budwood as compared to grafting. - includes T-budding, Patch budding, Chip budding

Answer 67

Budding

Question 68

This is also known as shield budding. A horizontal cut about 1/3rd the distance around the stock (Plate 3) is given on the stock 15-20cm above then ground level

Answer 68

T-Budding

Question 69

This type of budding is quite successful in guava and it gives 60 to70 percent success during May and June. Freshly cut angular bud-wood from current season’s growth should be used as scion

Answer 69

Patch Budding:

Question 70

This method is usually employed when the stock and scion are still dormant, that is just before the start of new growth

Answer 70

Chip Budding

Question 71

(adventitious roots that arise from under ground stem) – abaca, anthurium, banana

Answer 71

Suckers

Question 72

-a specialized storage organ (usually underground) composed of a compressed stem enclosed by fleshy or papery leaves or leaf bases. Ex. Onion, garlic

Answer 72

Bulbs

Question 73

a shoot formed on top of a fruit, like pineapple

Answer 73

Crown

Question 74

a stem that grows horizontally along the ground. Ex. Strawberry.

Answer 74

Runners

Question 75

small bulbs produced at the base of the mother plant

Answer 75

bublets

Question 76

fleshy stem section serving as storage organs with one or more nodes, as in orchids such as cattleya and cymbidium

Answer 76

Pseudo stem

Question 77

(modified stem and root) an enlarged underground stem serving as storage organ of starch or related materials .Ex: Potato

Answer 77

Tuber

Question 78

a horizontally modified stem that grows at or below the surface of the ground. Ex: Ginger

Answer 78

Rhizome

Question 79

is stem structure containing nodes and internodes and a few rudimentary leaves. Ex: abaca, banana, taro Propagati

Answer 79

Corms