CHAPTER IV: PLANT GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION

Question 1

A property of an organism from the moment of its inception.

Answer 1

Development

Question 2

A process characterized by growth and differentiation/
organization (morphogenesis) into tissues, organs, organisms.

Answer 2

Development

Question 3

Development had three interrelated aspects,
namely:

Answer 3

growth, cellular differentiation, and organization.

Question 4

Plants can not move. The form of the plant body is controlled by the way plant cells expand and alter in shape.

Answer 4

Morphogenesis

Question 5

The direction in which plant cells divide, and thus the direction in which the plant itself grows, is ultimately governed by the plant cell wall.

Answer 5

Morphogenesis

Question 6

an irreversible time change generally accompanied by an increase in size, weight or mass.

Answer 6

GROWTH

Question 7

• quantitative aspect
• changes in size (wt/ht)/time.
  -Characterized through an S-curve
  or sigmoid curve

Answer 7

Growth

Question 8

There is increase in size due to:

Answer 8

✓ Cell division
✓ Cell enlargement
✓ Change in cell density

Question 9

Measurements of Growth can be measured in terms of:

Answer 9

✓ Increase in length or growth – in case of stem
and roots.
✓ Increase in area volume/leaf area – in case of
leaves and fruits.
✓ Increase in the number of cells – in algae, yeast
and bacteria

Question 10

What are the phases of plant growth?

Answer 10

Lag phase
Log phase or Exponential phase
Maturity or Diminishing Growth Phase
Stationary (adult) Stage
Senescence Stage

Question 11

-the beginning of the growth process
- the rate of growth is generally low
- cell division by mitosis takes place very actively
but there is no increase in cell size.

Answer 11

Lag phase

Question 12

• the highest growth rate
• increase in the number of cells by mitosis
• cell size increases by absorbing water and
  addition of protoplasmic substances.

Answer 12

Log phase or exponential growth

Question 13

• growth rate is low
• cells achieve the optimum size (adult) and there
  is no more increase in size of cell
• a little cell division to replace damaged cells

Answer 13

Maturity or Diminishing Growth Phase

Question 14

• growth rate is zero
• cells still divide to replace damaged/dead cells

Answer 14

Stationary (adult) Stage

Question 15

• growth rate is negative because of loss of tissues
  due to aging process.
• finally, the death of the organism.

Answer 15

Senescence Stage

Question 16

is the process by which a
less specialized cell becomes
a more specialized cell type.

Answer 16

Cellular Differentiation

Question 17

Cells derived from meristems and cambium differentiate and mature to perform specific functions are termed______

Answer 17

differentiation

Question 18

orientation and integration of differentiated
cells in space together with regulated growth with
the consequent attainment of form and structure of
the complete organism.

Answer 18

Organization

Question 19

What are the growth stages of rice ?

Answer 19

Germination
Seedling
Tillering
Maximum tillering
Panicle initiation
Flowering
Harvest

Question 20

_______do exist. Plant use ______ as an adaptation to escape or minimize injury from harmful external factors or move towards scarce resource or otherwise secure food.

Answer 20

Plant movements
movements

Question 21

the primary root moves downward
where it can obtain water and mineral nutrients from deep
down while the shoot moves upward to be exposed to light
from the sun.

Answer 21

Plant movements

Question 22

may exhibit movement of some organs in response
to environmental stimuli.

Answer 22

Plant Movements

Question 23

What are three steps of plant movements?

Answer 23

Perception
Transduction
Response

Question 24

It involves recognition of the environmental stimulus by the plant.

Answer 24

Perception

Question 25

It involves biochemical and biophysical changes which occur in response to perceived stimulus.

Answer 25

Transduction

Question 26

It shows the changes in the organ affected by the perceived stimulus.

Answer 26

Response

Question 27

What are the plant movement categories ?

Answer 27

1. Tropic Movement (tropisms) 2. Nastic Movement

Question 28

The direction of the environmental stimulus determines the direction of the movement.

Answer 28

Tropic Movement (tropisms)

Question 29

What are the kinds of Tropism

Answer 29

phototropism geotropism/gravitropism chemotropism thigmotropism hydrotropism

Question 30

Is tropism movement caused by stimulus of light. Example the tip of plant that lies in room will bend to direction of incident light.

Answer 30

Phototropism

Question 31

Is tropism movement that follows earth gravitational force.

Answer 31

Geotropism/Gravitropism

Question 32

Types of Geotropism/Gravitropism

Answer 32

Positive geotropism Negative geotropism

Question 33

______movement with downward direction. ______ movement with upward direction

Answer 33

Positive geotropism Negative geotropism

Question 34

Is tropism movement that is caused by chemical substances stimulus. Roots grow toward useful minerals in the soil but away from acids. Example: the movement of root to food/fertilizer substance in soil.

Answer 34

Chemotropism

Question 35

Is tropism movement that is caused by stimulus of touch to harder thing. Example: Tendril of plants.

Answer 35

Thigmotropism

Question 36

Is a change in the growth of a plant in response to water.

Answer 36

Hydrotropism

Question 37

Is plant movement to stimulus, that its direction is not determined by stimulus but by plant itself

Answer 37

Nastic movement

Question 38

What are the kinds of Nastic movement

Answer 38

1. photonasty 2. nictinasty 3. thigmonasty 4. thermonasty 5. complex nasty

Question 39

Is nasty movement that is caused by stimulus of light. Example: the opening of Mirabilis jalapa (four o’clock) flower at certain time.

Answer 39

Photonastic

Question 40

is nasty movement that is caused by dark condition or induced by diurnal variations in light and temperature. - Example: ❖ the closing of butterfly flower’s leaves at night. ❖ the closing of compound leaves of Leucaena glauca at night.

Answer 40

Nyctinasty

Question 41

Nasty movement that is caused by stimulus of touch or vibration. Example: the closing of leaves of Mimosa pudica when touched

Answer 41

Thigmonasty/Seismonasty

Question 42

Is nasty movement that is caused by temperature stimulus. Example: tulip flower will bloom if subjected to sudden increased temperature.

Answer 42

Thermonasty

Question 43

Is nasty movement that is caused by several factors altogether • Example→ the opening and closing of stomata is influenced by light, chemical substance and water

Answer 43

Complex nasty

Question 44

______are changes that help a plant species survive in its environment.

Answer 44

Plant adaptations

Question 45

What are the different Plant Adaptations?

Answer 45

1. Morphological adaptations 2. Physiological adaptations 3. Biochemical adaptations

Question 46

____ exemplified by the presence of metamorphosed or specialized organs which performs non-typical functions.

Answer 46

Morphological Adaptations

Question 47

examples: modified roots of certain tree species in marshes which serves as “breathing” organs, thick waxy leaves/stem (dessert plants), thorns for defense, etc.

Answer 47

Morphological Adaptations

Question 48

exemplified by closing of stomates of many bromeliads (CAM plants) during the day to help conserve water as well as the abscission of leaves in deciduous plants to reduce the evaporative surface area thereby conserving moisture.

Answer 48

Physiological Adaptations

Question 49

____biochemical changes with some bearing on certain survival mechanisms such as the increase in proline and ABA and osmolytes in plants during period of moisture stress

Answer 49

Biochemical adaptations

Question 50

enzymes, compounds, plant hormones: auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscissic acid and ethylene, etc.

Answer 50

Biochemical adaptations

Question 51

_____have biochemical adaptations that minimize water loss while still allowing photosynthesis to take place in intense sunlight.

Answer 51

C4 and CAM

Question 52

WHAT ARE THE OTHER CONCEPTS RELATED TO PLANT GROWTH?

Answer 52

Liebig’s Law of Minimum Blackman’s Theory of Optima and Limiting Factor Mitscherlich Law of Diminishing Return

Question 53

also known as the “barrel” concept. If a barrel has staves of different heights, the lowest one sets the capacity of the barrel.

Answer 53

Liebig'’s law of the minimum Law of limiting factors- Liebig’s law

Question 54

Who is the father of the fertilizer industry

Answer 54

Justus von Liebig

Question 55

If one group nutrient is missing or deficient, plant growth will be poor, even in the other elements are abundant.

Answer 55

Law of limiting factorS-Liebig's law

Question 56

when a process is conditioned as to its rapidity by a number of separate factors, the rate of the process is limited by the slowest factor. Example: rate of the photosynthesis

Answer 56

Blackman"s Law of Optima and Limiting Factors

Question 57

states that a decreasing marginal productivity as levels of the limiting factor are raised. According to this law, plants cannot grow indefinitely and there is a maximum of production.

Answer 57

Mitscherlich's Law of Diminishing Returns

Question 58

When plants had adequate amounts of all but one limiting element, the growth response was proportional to the limiting element.

Answer 58

Mitscherlich's Law of Diminishing Returns

Question 59

What are the plant growth regulation?

Answer 59

AUXIN GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA) CYTOKININ (CK) ETHYLENE ABSCISSIC ACID (ABA)

Question 60

____organic substances other than vitamins and nutrients which are active in very minute amounts.

Answer 60

PHYTOHORMONES

Question 61

formed in certain part of the plants and which are usually translocated to other sites where they may promote, inhibit or otherwise modify physiological, biochemical and/or morphological processes.

Answer 61

PHYTOHORMONES

Question 62

A growth promoter and growth retardant

Answer 62

PHYTOHORMONES

Question 63

generic term applied to growth regulators with the special capacity to promote cell elongation.

Answer 63

AUXIN

Question 64

naturally occurring auxins are the indole-auxins represented by indole-3- acetic acid (IAA).

Answer 64

Auxin

Question 65

____ is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan in actively growing tissues. Also produced in mature leaves and root tips, but in lower concentrations.

Answer 65

indole-3-acetic acid

Question 66

Give some effects of auxin?

Answer 66

1. Promotes cell enlargement and cell division in the cambium in tissue culture. 2. Stimulates differentiation of phloem and xylem 3. Promotes fruit setting and development in plants. 4. Can also delay fruit ripening 5. Popularly used as herbicides

Question 67

Who discovered GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA) and what year ?

Answer 67

Kurosawa, a Japanese plant pathologist in 1928

Question 68

•Rice plants infected by the fungus __________ (Synonym: Fusarium moniliforme) showed excessive stem elongation.

Answer 68

Gibberella fujikuroi

Question 69

Symptom is called 'Bakane' diseases.

Answer 69

GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA)

Question 70

Now ___different Gibberellins are available- GA1, to GA80 is available.

Answer 70

80

Question 71

The most commonly occurring gibberellins is____

Answer 71

GA3

Question 72

What are the Effects of GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA)?

Answer 72

Stimulates stem elongation Promotes bolting in long day plants Promotes fruit set and fruit growth in fruits

Question 73

are a class of plant growth substances that promote cell division, or______, in plant roots and shoots.

Answer 73

CYTOKININ (CK) cytokinesis

Question 74

They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, but also affect apical dominance, axillary bud growth, and leaf senescence.

Answer 74

CYTOKININ (CK)

Question 75

major site of CK biosynthesis is at the root aprical meristem although seeds and developing leaves have been show

Answer 75

CYTOKININ (CK)

Question 76

Effects of CYTOKININ (CK)

Answer 76

Regulates morphogenesis in cultured tissues Delays leaf senescence Promotes cotyledon and leaf expansion Promotes nutrient mobilization

Question 77

the only phytohormone occurring in gas state.

Answer 77

ETHYLENE

Question 78

it is an unsaturated hydrocarbon synthesized from the amino acid (primary precursor) in many tissues in response to stress.

Answer 78

ETHYLENE

Question 79

synthesized in most tissues in response to senescence and stresses.

Answer 79

ETHYLENE

Question 80

being a gas, it moves by diffusion from the site of biosynthesis.

Answer 80

ETHYLENE

Question 81

Effects of ETHYLENE

Answer 81

1.Promotes ripening of climacteric fruits 2.Induces epinasty 3.Induces lateral expansion 4.Formation of adventitious roots 5. Enhances flower opening in some species

Question 82

synthesized from mevalonic acid in mature leaves particularly in response to water stress. Seeds are also rich in ABA which may be imported from the leaves or synthesized in situ.

Answer 82

ABSCISSIC ACID

Question 83

_____ is exported from leaves in the phloem. There are some evidences that ______ may circulate to the roots in the phloem and then return to the shoots in the xylem.

Answer 83

ABSCISSIC ACID (ABA)

Question 84

____ functions in many plant developmental processes, including seed and bud dormancy, the control of organ size and stomatal closure.

Answer 84

ABSCISSIC ACID (ABA)

Question 85

Effects of ABSCISSIC ACID (ABA)

Answer 85

1.Promotes leaf senescence 2.Enhances stomatal closure 3.Counteracts the effects of gibberellins in germinating cereal grains