CHAP 43 - IMMUNE Flashcards
(22 cards)
Functions to combat invading organisms or substances with leukocyte and antibody activity.
An antigen is any foreign substance capable of stimulating an immune response.
If an antigen is one that can be readily destroyed by an immune response, immunity (the ability to destroy likeantigens)results, the antigen may then be referred to as an immunogen.
IMMUNE RESPONSE
refers to immunity created by antibody production or B-lymphocyte involvement
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
composed of 20 different proteins that are normally nonfunctional molecules; whenactivated by an antigen-antibody contact, leads to increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle, contraction,chemotaxis (“calling” leukocytes into the area), phagocytosis, and lysis (killing) of the foreign antigen.
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
the type of immune response caused by T-lymphocyte activity. if the T-lymphocyte activity occurs solely without an accompanying humoral response. The response is termeddelayedhypersensitivity.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
- is the result of the immune system being unable to distinguish self from nonself, causingtheimmunesystem to trigger immune responses against normal cells and tissue rather than invading antigens
AUTOIMMUNITY
When any portion of the immune system is missing or not functioning properly, an immunodeficiency can result. It can be primary (congenital) or aquired (secondary to a viral infection, exposure to a toxic substance or somedrugs).
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
- is a condition caused when a small part of chromosome 22 is missing. This deletion causes several body systems todeveloppoorly.`
DIGEORGE SYNDROME
3 SECONDARY ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
- HIV AND AIDS
- PREGNANT PERSON WITH HIV
- ALLERGY
is an immediate, life-threatening, type I hypersensitivity reaction that occursafterexposure to an allergen in a previously sensitized child. Anaphylactic shock must be treated immediately because it canbefatal.
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
refers to fl at wheals surrounded by erythema arising from the chorion layer of skin; they areintenselypruritic (often described as a burning sensation).
URTICARIA
- is edema of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. This occurs most frequently on the eyelids, hands, feet,genitalia, and lips—areas where skin is loosely bound by subcutaneous tissue.
ANGIOEDEMA
- is an inflammatory reaction that occurs in the blood vessel walls and surrounding tissue, causingtissuedamage, fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, urticaria, and arthritis as common symptoms. It is usually causedbydrugs,infectious agents, vaccines, or blood products (Fuleihan, 2011).
SERUM SICKNESS
- is associated with an IgE-mediated infl ammatory response to allergen exposure. It is closelyassociatedwith and may be a precursor to asthma (Ciprandi, Signori, Tosca, et al., 2011). It is also one of the most commonchronicconditions affecting people in the United States with estimates of 35 to 50 million people affected; incidences areincreasing,especially among the pediatric population (Blaiss, 2010).
ALLERGIC RHINITIS
when the allergen is one that is present in the environment round, such as house dust mites or pet hair. Although the child’s symptoms may not result intheobviousdistress associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis, the child needs treatment just as much because the symptoms otherwisenever go away.
PERENNIAL ALLERGIC RHINITIS
is primarily a disease of infants, beginning as early as thesecondmonth of life and possibly lasting until the child is 2 to 3 years old. It may be related to food allergy because it tendstooccurmore often in formula-fed infants than in breastfed infants and is more common if infants are fed solid food before6months.Sweating, heat, tight clothing, and contact irritants such as soap tend to increase the pruritus.
Atopic Dermatitis (Infantile Eczema)
t occurs at later ages is prominent on the flexor surfaceoftheextremities and on the dorsal surfaces of the wrists and ankles. It often occurs in the eyebrows; if the child scratches thelesions,hair loss and scant eyebrows can result. Depigmentation or hyperpigmentation is usually noticed as lesions fade; lichenifi cationcan be marked.
ATOPIC DERMATITIS IN THE OLDER CHILD
One of the hazards of giving any medication is the risk that a child may experience a reactiontoit or exhibitallergic symptoms (Caubet & Eigenmann, 2012). Because reactions to drugs differ, it is important to be familiar withthedifferences between an allergic reaction, a toxic reaction, or a known side effect to a drug because a child might beexhibitingatoxic or side reaction rather than an allergic one.
DRUG ALLERGIES
s are an abnormal immune response caused by exposure to a particular food protein. TheycanbeIgE-mediated, cell-mediated, or mixed reactions, although IgE-mediated (type 1 hypersensitivity) reactions account formostfood reactions (Robison & Pongracic, 2012).
FOOD ALLERGIES
is probably not as high as the number of diagnosesmade.Allergy to milk occurs in infancy and is typifi ed by failure to gain weight, diarrhea, perhaps vomiting, and abdominal pain.
MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY
- Peanut and tree nut ingestions are the cause of more than 85% of fatalities causedbyfoodanaphylaxis in the United States (Robison & Pongracic, 2012).
PEANUT HYPERSENSITIVITY
ildren may have severe hypersensitivity reactions to stings frombees, wasps, hornets, oryellow jackets (Yavuz, Sahiner, Buyuktiryaki, et al., 2012). Although a serum sickness reaction may occur, the usual reactiontothese stings is an immediate type I hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylaxis).
STINGING INSECT HYPERSENSITIVITY
Example of a delayed or type IV hypersensitivity response; it is a reaction to skin contact withanallergen (a substance irritating to the child only with prior sensitization). The first reaction is generally erythema, followedbyintensely pruritic papules and then vesicles.
CONTACT DERMATITIS
