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developmental psych > chap 7-12 > Flashcards

chap 7-12 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

when one sense triggers another in the brain

A

Synesthesia

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2
Q

inborn differences between one person and another in emotions ‘ constitutionally based on individual differences

A

temperament

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3
Q

adjustment that allows smooth infant- caregiver interaction

A

goodness of fit

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4
Q

Erikson’s first psychosocial crisis

A

trust vs mistrust

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5
Q

self awareness emerges 18 months

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

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6
Q

set of assumptions that become a frame of reference for later life

A

working model

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7
Q

theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture

A

ethnotheory

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8
Q

caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby with frequent holding and touching

A

proximal parenting

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9
Q

caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby. providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching

A

distal parenting

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10
Q

coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

A

Synchrony

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11
Q

experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face expressionless in face-to-face interactions with an infant

A

still-face- technique

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12
Q

birth- 6 weeks

A

Preattachment, newborns signal vis crying/ movement, recognize familiar voices and faces

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13
Q

6 weeks-8 months

A

Attachment- trust develops

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14
Q

8 months -2 years

A

Classic secure attachment- separation anxiety, greet primary caregiver,

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15
Q

2 years- 6 years

A

Attachment as launching pad- young children seek praise, reassurance, expect caregiver to comfort and entertain

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16
Q

6-12 yrs

A

Mutual Attachment- make their caregivers proud by learning what adults want them to learn

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17
Q

12-18 yrs

A

New Attachment figures- teenagers explore and make friendships physical contact less important

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18
Q

18 yrs

A

Attachment revisited- Adults develop relationships withothers, romantic partners

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19
Q

relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of caregiver

A

Secure-attachment (type B)

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20
Q

infant avoids connection with the caregiver

A

insecure-avoidance attachment (type A)

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21
Q

pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident

A

insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (type C)

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22
Q

infants inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return

A

Disorganized attachment (type D)

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23
Q

laboratory procedure measuring attachment by evoking infants reactions to stress in eight episodes lasting three minutes each

A

Strange Situation

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24
Q

seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar object or event

A

social referancing

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25
compulsive about daily routine including meals
Just right
26
long thick band of nerve fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
27
certain functions by each side of the brian
Lateralization
28
tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fears and anxiety
Amygdala
29
central processor of memory, especially memory for locations
Hippocampus
30
produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body
hypothalamus
31
prefrontal cortex matruation
improves/maturation of motor skills
32
traditional academic learning depends on
fine motor
33
artistic expression is important because
young children are not yet self-critical
34
situation structured to make injuries less likely. Sidewalks, speedbumps, streetlights, traffic circles
primary prevention
35
averting harm in high risk situations, flashing lights on school buses, crossing guards fences
Secondary prevention
36
begins after injury, laws, ambulances, efficient emergency rooms
tertiary prevention
37
limitations of Piaget's research
tests of conservation require the child's words, not actions or brain scans
38
young child focuses on one idea, excluding all others
centration
39
Piagets term for children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own perspective
egocentrism
40
when a young child thinks that nothing can be undone
irreversibly
41
young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent
focus on appearance
42
young child thinks nothing changes
static reasoning
43
temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task
Scaffolding
44
speedy, and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meeaning
fast-,mapping
45
applications of rules of grammer even when exceptions occur. making language seem more regular than it actually is
overregularization
46
schools that emphasize individual pride and achievment
Montessori schools
47
Erikson's third psychosocial crisis, children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them
initiative vs guilt
48
drive or a reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent
intrinsic motivation
49
a drive or a reason to purse a goal that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from outside
extrinsic motivation
50
culture and emotional control
``` Fear= United States Anger = Puerto Rico Pride= China Aggression= Japan Impatience =Native Americans ```
51
powerful feeling burst out uncontrollably
externalizing problems
52
fearful and withdrawn
internalizing problems
53
child plays alone, unaware of any other children
Solitary play
54
child watches other children play
Onlooker play
55
Children play with similar toys in similar ways but not together
Parallel play
56
children interact, observing one another and sharing material but their play in not yet mutual and reciprocal
Associative play
57
children play together, creating dramas or taking turns
Cooperative play
58
play mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting with no intent to harm (most common)
rough- and- tumble play
59
children act out various roles and plots taking on any identity role or activity
sociodramtic play
60
Baumrind found parents differed on four important dimensions
Expression of warmth strategies for discipline communication expectations for maturity
61
parents word is law, strict punishment,clear rules, high standards
Authoritarian parenting
62
parents makes few demands, hiding impatience they feel. lax discipline, low expectations
Permissive parents
63
parents set limits, enforce rules,listen to child, encourage maturity, usually forgive (not Punish)
authoritative parenting
64
feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person
antipathy
65
common among children who often wan t something they do not have and try without thinking to get it
instrumental aggression
66
better controlled as emotional regulation increases
reactive aggression
67
destroys another child's self-esteem and disrupts the victim's social network
relational aggression
68
done to dominate someone else, repeated physical or verbal attacks
bullying aggression
69
children s guilt and gratitude are used to control their behavior , may reduce academic achievment
psychological control
70
biological differences between males and females
Sex differences
71
differences in roles and behavior of males and females tht are prescribed by culture
gender differences
72
Freuds third stage of development, which penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure
Phallic stage
73
the unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mothers romantic love
Oedipus Comlex
74
boys develop a powerful conscience which is quick to judge and punish
superego
75
unconscious desire of girls to replace their mothers and win their their fathers romantic love
Electra complex
76
an attempt to defends one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else
idnetification
77
6 year olds have the least body fat and lowest BMI BMI above 85th percentile is overweight BMI above the 95th percentile is obesity
childhood obesity in US 1/3 (32%) under 18 overweight 16% obese 11% extremely obese
78
hereditary, parenting, social influences
factors in obesity
79
changes in society, better ventilation, less pollution | Asthma
primary prevention
80
the process by which a sequence of thoughts and actions is repeated until it becomes automatic or routine
automatization
81
more than one problem is evident in the same person
comorbid
82
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perecptions
concrete operational thought
83
organization of things into groups
Classification
84
the ability to figure out the unspoken link between one fact and another
transitive inference
85
alert and focused on the siblings activity
sustained attention
86
sporadic interest, but primary focus on something else
glancing
87
looking elswhere
not attending
88
first component of human information processing system. stores incoming stimuli
sensory memory
89
current conscious mental activity occurs
working memory (short-term)
90
infants remember actions and routines that involve them memory is implicit triggered by sights and souinds
under 2 years of age
91
words are now used to encode and retrieve memories. explicit memory children remember without truly understanding
2-5 yrs of age
92
children realize that some things should be remembered use simple strategies,primarily rehearsal
5-7 yrs of age
93
children use new strategies if they are taught to them , visual clues, auditory hints,
7-9 yrs of age
94
memory becomes more adaptive and strategic as childre nbecome able to learn various memory techniques from teachers and other children
9-11 yrs of age
95
mechanisms that put memory ,processing speed and knowledge base together
control processes
96
thinking about thinking, ultimate control process becasue it allows a person to evaluate a cognitive taks
metacognition
97
unofficial,unstated or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every aspect of learning in a school
hidden curriculum
98
naugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
99
nternational assessment of the math and science skills of fourth- and eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries’ scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.
Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS):
100
An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children’s achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed “the Nation’s Report Card.”
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
101
Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills—talking and listening, reading and writing.
whole-language approach:
102
A public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located
charter school
103
Permission for a parent to choose the school for the child, with some or all of the cost of that’s child’s education borne by the local government. Parents who have vouchers for their children often can choose a public or private school, although the specifics vary a great deal from one jurisdiction to another.
voucher

developmental psych (3 decks)

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