Chap 8

Question 1

Submariners can easily adjust to 18 hour days because their exposure to daylight is limited.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Light is critical to resetting circadian rhythms.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Alpha waves are characteristic of being hyperalert.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

One hypothalamic axon pathway releases the inhibitory transmitter histamine.

Answer 4

False

Question 5

Aquatic mammals have evolved the ability to sleep on one side of the brain at a time, ensuring they resurface to breathe even while asleep.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Sleep apnea refers to an impaired ability to breathe while sleeping.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Young adults deprived of a night’s sleep show deficits on memory tasks.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, a dream represents the brain’s effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What conclusion do researchers draw from the observation that workers on submarines are unable to adjust to a schedule of working 12 hours and resting 6 hours?

Answer 9

The human body generates a circadian rhythm.

Question 10

Why do people in Antarctica during the winter often find it difficult to work together?

Answer 10

Their circadian rhythms drift out of phase with one another.

Question 11

If workers rotate between working shifts at different times of day, what would be a good way to help them adjust to the night shift?

Answer 11

Use bright lighting during the night shift.

Question 12

What tends to be characteristic of teenagers who are extreme “evening” types?

Answer 12

They get worse grades in school than their abilities would predict.

Question 13

What evidence strongly indicates that the SCN produces the circadian rhythm itself?

Answer 13

SCN cells isolated from the body continue to produce a circadian rhythm.

Question 14

Light resets the biological clock by a branch of the optic nerve, beginning with ________ and sending the input to ________ .

Answer 14

ganglion cells that do not require input from rods or cones . . . the SCN

Question 15

If you want to get to sleep on time, what should you avoid?

Answer 15

Short-wavelength light late in the evening

Question 16

The proteins Tim and Per reach their highest levels ________ . They ________ the activity of the genes that produce them.

Answer 16

at night… inhibit

Question 17

Slow, large-amplitude EEG waves characterize which stage or stages of sleep?

Answer 17

Stages 3 and 4

Question 18

Why is REM sleep also known as paradoxical sleep?

Answer 18

It is deep sleep in some ways and light in others.

Question 19

At which time, if any, is stage 4 sleep most common?

Answer 19

Not immediately, but during the early part of the night’s sleep

Question 20

Of the following, which two neurotransmitters increase arousal in the brain?

Answer 20

Acetylcholine and histamine

Question 21

Norepinephrine, released by the locus coeruleus, has which effect on behavior?

Answer 21

It increases attention to important information.

Question 22

How do dolphins handle breathing while they are asleep?

Answer 22

Half of the brain sleeps while the other remains awake enough to surface and breathe.

Question 23

What does PGO stand for (with regard to brain function)?

Answer 23

Pons-Geniculate-Occipital

Question 24

If you awaken but find you temporarily cannot move your arms or legs, what is happening?

Answer 24

Most of your brain is awake, but part of your pons and medulla remain in REM sleep.

Question 25

Of the following, which one is not associated with an increased probability of sleep apnea?

Answer 25

Being female

Question 26

Narcolepsy is linked to a deficit of which neurotransmitter?

Answer 26

Orexin

Question 27

When does sleepwalking usually occur?

Answer 27

During slow-wave sleep (Stages 3 and 4)

Question 28

What do birds do about sleep during the time when they are migrating?

Answer 28

They eat during the day and fly at night, but decrease their need for sleep.

Question 29

If we want to predict how many hours a day some species sleep, which of these questions would be most helpful in making that prediction?

Answer 29

What does the animal eat?

Question 30

Which of the following occurs during sleep?

Answer 30

Certain synapses become weakened, enabling others to stand out by contrast.

Question 31

Of the following groups, which one tends to spend the highest percentage of sleep in the REM stage?

Answer 31

infants

Question 32

On which of the following points do the activation-synthesis hypothesis and the clinico-anatomical hypothesis agree?

Answer 32

Dreams begin with the brain's spontaneous activity combined with recent memories and any information the brain is receiving from the senses.

Question 33

Bird migration is an example of an ________ .

Answer 33

endogenous circannual rhythm

Question 34

A student who pulls several "all-nighters" in a row has likely disrupted an ________ .

Answer 34

endogenous circadian rhythm

Question 35

The stimulus that resets a circadian rhythm is referred to as a ________ .

Answer 35

zeitgeber

Question 36

Which type of stimulus is most often involved in resetting the internal clock among land animals?

Answer 36

light

Question 37

Michael works the graveyard shift, from 10 at night to 6 in the morning. As a result, he ________ .

Answer 37

may continue to feel groggy at work even after years on the job

Question 38

Vonda is traveling from her home in northern Maine to Hawaii at the end of the year. What should she keep in mind about jet lag?

Answer 38

Adjustment to jet lag can be stressful and actually increase cortisol.

Question 39

Melatonin is released by the ________ .

Answer 39

pineal

Question 40

The main driver of rhythms for sleep and body temperature is the ________ .

Answer 40

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 41

Guy alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, he shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior. What term best describes Guy's state?

Answer 41

vegetative

Question 42

Alpha waves are characteristic of ________ .

Answer 42

relaxation

Question 43

What is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep?

Answer 43

It has characteristics of both deep and light sleep.

Question 44

People who are awakened during ________ report dreams about 80%-90% of the time.

Answer 44

REM sleep

Question 45

The ________ is usually inactive, especially during sleep, but it emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events.

Answer 45

locus coeruleus

Question 46

The ________ , which contributes significantly to cortical arousal, has neurons that receive input from many sensory systems and generate spontaneous activity of their own.

Answer 46

pontomesencephalon

Question 47

The axons releasing ________ extend from the hypothalamus to the basal forebrain and many other areas, enhancing wakefulness.

Answer 47

orexin

Question 48

REM sleep is associated with a distinctive pattern of high-amplitude electrical potentials known as ________ waves.

Answer 48

PGO

Question 49

Dreamlike experiences, which an individual has trouble distinguishing from reality and often occur at the onset of sleep, are known as ________ .

Answer 49

hypnagogic hallucinations

Question 50

During sleep, a mammal's body temperature and muscle activity decreases, most likely in an effort to ________ .

Answer 50

save energy

Question 51

Who is likely to be getting the most REM sleep?

Answer 51

Danielle, a six-month old infant

Question 52

Which perspective regards dreams as thinking that takes place under unusual conditions?

Answer 52

clinico-anatomical hypothesis