chapitre 3

Question 1

overview of physiological decline

Answer 1

• decline is inevitable but not uncontrollable
• rate and extent are partially controllable
• all major system will deteriorate

Question 2

important functional change associated with aging

Answer 2

• decrease peak O2 transports of 5 ml per decade 25-65 y/o
• increase body fat with decrease glucose tolerance = increase risk for diabete
• 25% decrease peak muscle force from age 40-65 y/o
• 25% decrease in lean tissue from age 40-65 y/o

Question 3

deterioration of function in special sense:

Answer 3

hearing, vision, smell, taste

Question 4

7% loss of _ per decade of adult life

Answer 4

flexibility

Question 5

decrease in _ & deterioration of bone matrix

Answer 5

bone calcium

begging at age 25
accelerating for 5 postmenoposal years in women

Question 6

regular physical activity can delay the normal aging process by

Answer 6

10-20 year

Question 7

average decline of about _% per decade in VO2 max occurs from age 25 to age 65

Answer 7

10%

Question 8

factor responsible for the decrease of aerobic capacity

Answer 8

reduced Max cardiac output
reduced max HR
reduced stroke volume

Question 9

if intensity overtake the lower aerobic capabilities what happen

Answer 9

place enormous strain on the heart + lead to serious sign and symptom -> dizziness, cramp, chest pain

Question 10

minimal VO2 for independent living at age 85 for women and men

Answer 10

w: 15
men: 18

Question 11

proper _ routine are extremely important in the active older adult why

Answer 11

warm-up and cool down
decrease risk of abnormal cardiac response to sudden change CV function

Question 12

aging heart = more prone to _

Answer 12

ventricular defibrillation

Question 13

early fatigue for exercise intensity of _ in untrained older adult

Answer 13

70-75%

Question 13

Due to insufficient cardiac blood supply, older adults with heart disease may experience:

Answer 13

chest pain and shortness of breath at beginning of exercise onset

Question 14

what is the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death

Answer 14

ventricular fibrillation

Question 15

resting heart rate _ with age in OA

Answer 15

remain largely unchanged

Question 16

aging lead to a decrease of _ of the heart _

Answer 16

automatic regulation, regardless of level of PA

decrease ability of the heart to increase contraction during sub and max exercise

Question 17

reduction in parasympathetic activity can lead to

Answer 17

HR + BP variability
protentially dangerous rapid HR and sudden cardiac death

Question 18

resting & exercise blood pressure increase/decrease with age

Answer 18

increase

Question 19

dynamic aerobic training = increase/decrease BP

Answer 19

decrease

Question 20

intensity of VO2, max HR or RPE for older individuals

Answer 20

40-70%
55-80%
12 to 15

Question 21

exercice is contraindicated when resting BP exceeds _ mmHg

Answer 21

180/100

Question 23

what is important to do for OA with decrease initial PA level or pain condition to help decrease BP

Answer 23

exercising 10 min at a time, 3x/day, 3-5 days/week

Question 24

benefit of CV exercise in OA -≥ _ resting heart rate but _ in maximal heart rate

Answer 24

decrease, no change

Question 25

benefit of CV exercise in OA -≥ _ stroke volume

Answer 25

increase

Question 26

benefit of CV exercise in OA -≥ _ total blood volume and tone of peripheral veins which _ vascular resistance

Answer 26

increase, decrease

Question 27

benefit of CV exercise in OA -≥ _ systolic and diastolic BP

Answer 27

decrease

Question 28

benefit of CV exercise in OA -≥ _ high density lipoprotein cholesterol (good cholesterol)

Answer 28

increase

Question 29

pulmonary change between 30 and 70 y/o

Answer 29

- decrease vital capacity of the lung up to 50% (max volume of air that a person can exhale after max inspiration) - decrease efficiency of gaz exchange in the lungs - decrease max voluntary ventilation up to 50% (max volume or air breathed/min)

Question 30

why is there pulmonary change in OA (mechanism)

Answer 30

- decrease respiratory muscle strength - increase chest wall stiffness and small airway closure

Question 31

what may prevent pulmonary age-related decline until about age 60

Answer 31

moderate to high intensity PA

Question 32

As we get older, the strength of our muscle contractions decreases. Which of these muscle contractions loses more strength with age?

Answer 32

concentric

Question 33

Age-related changes in muscle function are caused by a number of factors such as

Answer 33

as genetics, disease, diet, stress, and especially physical inactivity

Question 34

Age-Associated Changes in Muscle Function

Answer 34

- sarcopenia (decrease muscle mass) - decrease muscular strength, endurance and power - decrease aerobic enzyme activity in muscle mitochondria

Question 35

criteria for sarcopenia

Answer 35

1) Low muscle mass: Two standard deviations below that mean measured in young adults 2) Low gait speed Walking speed below 0.8 m/s (normal = 1-1.2 m/s)

Question 36

effect of sarcopenia: Loss of muscle mass results in

Answer 36

increase: BP decrease: insulin sensitivity, aerobic capacity, bone density, metabolic rate

Question 37

which type of muscle fibre are first to atrophy in OA

Answer 37

type II -> 25-50% decrease in number and size

Question 38

which muscle fibre are typically termed shrinking

Answer 38

type II

Question 39

what are the implications of exercise in age-associated change in muscle fibre type

Answer 39

Type II fibers are in ↑concentrations in the back and thighs (building exercises around that will help to activate them)

Question 40

The ability to develop muscle power/strength diminishes with age to an even greater extent than muscle power/strength”

Answer 40

power, strength

Question 41

Typical 70 year old North American Male: __ % cannot climb 1 set of stairs without stopping __% has difficulty lifting 10 lb. bag __% has difficulty walking several blocks

Answer 41

25, 33, 33

Question 42

cause of the decrease muscle power in OA

Answer 42

- Decreased habitual physical activity - Atrophy of type 2 muscle fibers (size) - Decrease in the number of motor units (especially type 2 fibers)

Question 43

name exercise that work strength

Answer 43

- Turkish getups - wall sit - calf raise - prone external shoulder rotation supporting arm

Question 44

name exercise for OA that work power

Answer 44

squat curl press ball cobra

Question 45

“Limitation of joint mvt and some degenerative changes in the musculoskeletal system are the natural consequences of

Answer 45

“Limitation of joint mvt and some degenerative changes in the musculoskeletal system are the natural consequences of aging and prolonged physical inactivity”

Question 46

Flexibility: Loss of _ to %__ between the ages of 30 and 70 years (depending of the joint examined)

Answer 46

30 to 70

Question 47

why is loss of flexibility in OA can be accelerated by pain

Answer 47

decrease mobility due to pain

Question 48

decrease in flexibility in OA can affect what

Answer 48

- performance in _ADLs__ such as climbing stairs, dressing without assistance, getting in and out of a bath or a car, etc . - the risk of injury to the joint (or muscles crossing the joint) - The risk of falls from loss of balance

Question 49

_ are some of the most common causes of disability in adults >65 y/o

Answer 49

nervous system disorder

Question 50

in normal aging there is slow/continous change in

Answer 50

cognition, motor function, special sense

Question 51

long-term memory tends to go _ while short-term memory tend to _

Answer 51

unchanged, slow down

Question 52

changes in cognition typically appear after age _ and involve what

Answer 52

70, - Short-term, or recent, memory loss - Slower information-processing speed, especially at points of decision making (ex: driving) - Cognitive performance declines, especially when attention is divided (ex: multi-tasking) - Slower reaction time