Criteria of science
Falsifiability, Doubt + criticality, and Replication + quality control
Define parsimony (Ockham’s Razor)
Don’t overcomplicate - simplest answer is usually accurate
Define Behaviourism,
Who founded it?
Psych should study only observable behavior (stimulus straight to response)
John. B Watson
Define Clinical Psych
when was it popularized?
what are the branches?
Concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders (prescription)
Post-WWII - clinical boom
school, industrial/organizational, counseling
Define evolutionary psych
example?
Knowledge and principles of evolutionary bio are put to use in research on the structure of the mind
Mind is designed by natural selection
Kenrick and Keefe - age preferences in mates reflect sex differences
Define functionalism
Streams of consciousness, psych should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure.
William James
Define structuralism
who founded it?
Psych should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure.
Edward Titchner
Define humanism
who is a popular humanist?
Emphasizes the unique qualities of humans - especially freedom and potential for personal growth
Carl Rogers
Define introspection
who’s famous for it?
Obersvations of the operations of one’s own mind
Willhelm Wundt
Natural Selection
who founded?
Heredity is based on adaptive evolutionary traits
Charles Darwin
Define positive psych
what are three areas of interest?
who founded? what is he famous for?
Uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative and fulfilling aspects of human existence.
Measures of happiness and depression as well as positive intervention tasks (three good things)
Subject experiences, individual traits, institutions/communities
Martin Seligman: Learned helplessness
Define psychoanalytic theory
who’s famous for it?
Explains personality, motivation + mental disorder - unconscious influencers of behavior
Sigmund freud
Willhelm Wundt
Founded first psych lab 1879
Father of modern psych
Remebered for Introspection
Stimulus
thing/evet that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue
Psychology
scientific study of the human mind and its functions
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious thoughts, memories, desires influence behaviour - ID, EGO, Superego
Developed theories based on patient observation
Psychoanalysis + Psychoanalytical theory
G. Stanley Hall
First psych lab - John Hopkins U.S
Donald Hebb (hints: hebbian learning rule, long term potencial)
Hebbian learning rule: when two neurons are active @ same time, the connection between them is strengthened
Long term potential: long lasting increase in neural excitability in synapses along specific neural pathway
William James
Investigates mental testing, patterns of development, educational practices + behavior differences between sexes
Functionalism
Brenda Millner
Crucial contribution to memory - H.M (retrograde and anterograde amnesia)
Carl Rogers
Humanistic approach: person centered therapy
Congruence, empathy, unconditional positive reward
Martin Seligman
Positive psych - learned helplessness (dogs)
B.F Skinner
Bheaviourist (most famous)
Behaviour is shaped by consequences - operant conditioning
advocated for the control of behaviour via conditioning in a real-world setting
Pavlov
Classical conditioning - pavlov’s druling dog
John B. Watson
founds behaviourism
Define Cognition
Mental processes involved in aquiring knowledge
Define empiricism
All knowledge derived from sense experience
Define applied psychology
use of psychological methods and findings of scientific psychology to solve practical problems of human and animal behavior and experience
Define Testwiseness
Any skill that allows a student to choose the correct item without knowing the correct answer
Define the SQ3R method
reading coprehension method: survey, question, read, recite, and review
